Migration and role of zinc in biogeochemical cycles in the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Southern Ocean

Zinc(Zn),a widespread metal in the Earth’s crust,serves as a crucial nutrient in the Southern Ocean’s primary production.Studies on Zn in Antarctic snow and ice offer insights into the origins of this metal and its transport routes,as well as its impact on the biogeochemical processes within the Antarctic atmosphere–land–ocean system.This review examines research on the spatial and temporal distribution of Zn in Antarctic snow and ice,as well as in Southern Ocean waters.It includes an overview of advanced methods for sampling and analyzing Zn,along with explanations for the observed variations.The review also discusses various sources of Zn as a nutrient to the Southern Ocean.Finally,it addresses prospective issues related to the use of Zn isotopes in identifying atmospheric sources and their biogeochemical effects on the development of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

“一带一路”区域气候变化事实、影响及可能风险

“一带一路”区域国家经济、政治发展极不平衡,随着全球气候变暖,区域内的自然环境、气候资源、水资源等都将面临着显著而复杂的变化,并且干旱、洪涝等多种气候灾害是“一带一路”区域可持续发展和重大基础设施建设面临的重大威胁之一。目前,“一带一路”倡议已经进入实质性建设阶段,沿线地区的气候变化及其灾害风险关乎“一带一路”倡议能否顺利实施及亚投行的投资安全。在此背景下,2016—2018年中国科学院地球科学学部实施了“‘一带一路’区域气候变化问题”咨询评议项目,项目针对该区域气候变化的事实、未来变化预估、气候变化的可能影响以及带来的潜在风险等问题进行了系统的调研,并开展了若干分析和研究。经过两年的努力,项目组完成了有关进展报告四份,包括一份总报告和三份分报告。本文扼要地概括和介绍了项目取得的主要成果。

地表过程与可持续发展研究进展与展望

自2007年地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室批准建设以来,围绕地表多要素、多尺度和多过程及其资源生态效应,开展了基础性和面向国家需求的系统研究.总结实验室15年来的建设和发展,取得的主要成果如下:1)地表过程监测与研究,包括风沙过程、土壤侵蚀过程和生态水文过程等的观测系统与大型模拟设施建设,以及理论突破与应用;2)资源生态研究,包括生物多样性维持机制、植被-环境系统互馈及生态参数测量、景观生态与服务等方面的理论与应用实践;3)人-地系统动力学研究,包括环境演变与人类活动、人-地系统动力学模型与模拟2方面的探索;4)区域可持续发展范式,包括土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)和综合自然灾害风险2个方面取得的显著成果.面对国家重点实验改革与重组,展望未来,将围绕地表过程与可持续发展,开展更加有组织的、面向系统性解决方案的科学探究,核心目标是研究生态脆弱区和灾害高风险区人-地系统耦合理论与区域高质量发展路径.主要任务:1)通过构建天空地网一体化观测体系,系统开展从“山水林田湖草沙冰”等要素过程到生命共同体的综合研究;2)通过研发实验和模拟装置,揭示水土气生人相互作用的机制与动力学过程,构建多要素、多过程、多尺度的地表动态模型体系,揭示人地系统耦合机制与过程;3)以承接系统性国家级科研任务,解析人与自然系统互馈机制和关联效应,建立区域高质量发展监测、评估和预警体系,服务于制定区域与国家生态文明建设的长远战略.

竞技型滑雪场赛道雪质及其气候变化风险评价——以河北省万龙滑雪场为例

2022年北京冬奥会将在我国举办,比赛项目以雪上项目为主。赛道雪质是雪务工作的核心问题,而目前国内关于竞技型滑雪场赛道雪质研究少有涉及。通过研究以人造雪为主的河北省万龙滑雪场赛道雪质特性,了解我国竞技型雪场目前赛道现状。通过比较,找出与国际雪联要求标准赛道雪质的差距,依据赛道雪质变化特性,提出雪质保持和提升方案,并对影响雪质的要素进行风险评估,以提升我国赛事雪务工作的科研能力和技术水平,为冬奥会成功举办提供科学依据和服务。

基于投入产出理论的水资源研究进展及水资源管理展望

近年来,气候变化背景下的水资源问题得到日益增加的关注,其研究从水资源短缺、供需平衡等内容转向适应可持续发展的综合研究。基于投入产出理论的水资源研究,从系统循环的角度分析资源的流动性和持续性,能够揭示水资源-经济社会复合系统中各要素的内在数量关系,提出面向可持续发展的水资源价值观和方法论。首先,从模型拓展和实际应用两条主线梳理了国内外基于投入产出理论的水资源相关研究。在模型方面,概括了投入占用产出模型、水资源投入产出模型和区域间投入产出模型的发展和适用性,对比分析了不同区域间投入产出模型的优缺点。在应用方面,分别从不同时空尺度、驱动力因素等方面对虚拟水、水足迹和水资源优化配置三个热点内容进行了整理,并指出:基于投入产出理论的水资源研究基本建立在价值型模型的基础上;区域间投入产出模型已成为分析区域间经济结构、资源流动等环境问题的重要工具。其次,讨论了投入产出模型在冰冻圈水资源管理中的应用,提出基于服务角度的水资源管理模式。最后,展望了投入产出理论在水资源研究中的应用,以期能够为决策者提供额外的信息以便更好的管理水资源。

新疆滑雪产业的经济和社会效应分析

随着国民生活水平的普遍提高,冰雪产业作为新兴产业正在快速发展,并且为社会和经济发展带来众多惠益。了解冰雪产业和社会经济发展的关联性及推动作用是合理开发和管理冰雪产业的基础。本研究以新疆为案例地,基于冰雪产业中的主要组成即滑雪产业,建立了滑雪产业与主要经济产业的联系,结合地区间投入产出关系,运用投入产出分析方法评估了新疆滑雪产业的经济和社会效应。研究表明:2012年和2017年新疆滑雪产业的产能约345亿元和1819亿元,由此可带动的其他经济产业总产量分别达到809亿元和4151多亿元的产值;滑雪产业在2012年和2017年的影响系数为2.28和2.33,大于主要经济产业影响系数;滑雪产业带动最大的四个产业包括交通运输、仓储和邮政,石油和炼焦产品加工,批发和零售,住宿和餐饮产业,其中,批发和零售以及住宿和餐饮的相对影响明显上升,石油和炼焦产品部门的影响相对下降。另外,通过经济结构分解发现,滑雪产业的经济拉动效应进一步加强,特别是第三产业住宿与餐饮产值提高达259%。同时,滑雪产业能为当地提供更多就业机会。综上,新疆依托滑雪产业天然禀赋的优势,能给社会经济的可持续发展带来新契机,但若要最大程度发挥冰雪产业的经济杠杆作用,不仅需要合理的经济结构为基础,更需要协同发展关联紧的其他产业作为支撑。此外,为了能够给滑雪产业发展提供足够的上升空间,受滑雪产业带动作用最大的四大产业也应为促进其发展的重点施策产业,充分吸收冰雪产业发展的经济红利,以获取更多经济和社会效益。

铁生物地球化学循环:三极雪冰研究进展

具有生物活性的元素铁通过调控浮游植物生产力大小,从而影响海气之间碳的交换,并最终调节海洋生态系统与全球气候效应。陆源生物活性元素铁以大气干、湿沉降的方式进入冰冻圈各要素(冰川、冰盖、冻土、海冰与冰山),然后以固态的形式储存在地球表层。随着全球气候变暖,冰冻圈各要素退缩过程使其以迁移与转化的形式再次进入地球表层系统,进行全球再分配。自2000年以来,关于铁生物地球化学循环的研究,已在三极(南极、北极与青藏高原)冰冻圈区取得了初步研究成果。特别是近期,在南、北两极围绕冰盖消融与生物活性元素铁对海洋生产力调节作用的研究,取得了重大突破。文章向公众介绍了铁假说的提出与发展历史,阐述了其在冰冻圈科学中的研究成果,并提出未来可能突破的研究方向。

基于MODIS数据的额尔齐斯河上游河冰物候研究

额尔齐斯河发源于中国新疆阿尔泰山南坡,是中国唯一流入北冰洋的河流。随着中俄“冰上丝绸之路”提出,额尔齐斯河通航具有重要意义,监测其河冰物候变化显得尤为必要。本研究基于2001—2018年MOD09GQ第2波段数据,分析了额尔齐斯河布尔津至斋桑泊段每年河冰物候信息,包括开始封河时间、结束开河时间、冰/雪最大覆盖时间、冰期持续时间、封河速率和开河速率。研究结果表明:(1)MOD09GQ的反射率随河冰开河而逐渐降低,经与南湾水文站实际观测的冰期持续时间相比较,其所得冰期持续时间与实测冰期持续时间变化一致,均略有延长趋势,这表明MOD09GQ能有效监测河冰物候信息;(2)开始封河时间与结束开河时间均有提前趋势,最早开始封河比最晚开始封河提前45天,最早结束开河比最晚结束开河时间提前31天,开始封河比结束开河提前时间更多,导致整个冰期持续时间有延长趋势;(3)封河速率有变慢趋势,开河速率有逐渐加快趋势,这意味着若未来该河段通航,每年通航期将延长,将带来更大的经济效益。

A Preliminary Investigation of Arctic Sea Ice Negative Freeboard from in-situ Observations and Radar Altimetry

The negative freeboard of sea ice(i.e., the height of ice surface below sea level) with subsequent flooding is widespread in the Southern Ocean, as opposed to the Arctic, due to the relatively thicker ice and thinner snow. In this study, we used the observations of snow and ice thickness from 103 ice mass balance buoys(IMBs) and NASA Operation IceBridge Aircraft Missions to investigate the spatial distribution of negative freeboard of Arctic sea ice. The Result showed that seven IMBs recorded negative freeboards, which were sporadically located in the seas around Northeast Greenland, the Central Arctic Ocean, and the marginal areas of the Chukchi–Beaufort Sea. The observed maximum values of negative freeboard could reach-0.12 m in the seas around Northeast Greenland. The observations from IceBridge campaigns also revealed negative freeboard comparable to those of IMBs in the seas around North Greenland and the Beaufort Sea. We further investigated the large-scale distribution of negative freeboard using NASA CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data, and the result indicates that except for the negative freeboard areas observed by IMBs and IceBridge, there are negative freeboards in other marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. However, the comparison of the satellite data with the IMB data and IceBridge data shows that the Cryosat-2 data generally overestimate the extent and magnitude of the negative freeboard in the Arctic.

Climate and meteorological processes of the East Antarctic ice sheet between Zhongshan and Dome-A

The 1228 km over-snow traverse route between the Chinese Zhongshan Station, on the coast of Prydz Bay, and Dome-A, at 4091 m elevation the highest point of the East Antarctic ice sheet, has been the focus of CHINARE surface meteorological and climate studies since 2002. A network of seven Automatic Weather Stations has been deployed along this section, including at Dome-A itself, and some of these have now provided nearly-hourly data for over a decade. Atmospheric boundary layer turbulence and radiation observations have been made over the near-coastal ice sheet inland of Zhongshan and surface turbulence measurements using an ultrasonic anemometer system have also been made in the deep interior of the ice sheet. Summer GPS radiosonde soundings of the atmospheric boundary layer have been made at Kunlun Station, near Dome-A. In this paper these observations are combined to provide a comprehensive overview of the meteorological regime of this region of the ice sheet, its climate variability, and as a reference for future study of climate change. This includes investigation of the variation of surface climate features with elevation and distance from the coast, the height and structure of the boundary layer over the ice sheet, and seasonal and regional changes in ice/snow-air interactions, including turbulent and radiative energy fluxes. The air temperature and snow temperature between the coastal Zhongshan and Dome-A on the inland plateau have not changed significantly in the past decade compared with the inter-annual variability.

Sea Salt Sodium Record in a Shallow Ice Core from East Antarctica as a Potential Proxy of the Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in Southern Indian Ocean

Antarctic sea ice has experienced an increasing trend in recent decades,especially in the Ross Sea and Indian Ocean sectors.Sea ice variability affects greatly the maritime airmass transport from high latitude to Antarctic continent.Here we present a new ice core record of sea salt sodium(ssNa+)concentration at annual-resolution in the Princess Elizabeth Land spanning from 1990 to 2016,showing that this marker could be used as a potential proxy for reconstructing the sea ice extent(SIE)in the Southern Indian Ocean(SIO)given their significant correlation(R=-0.6,P<0.01)over the past 27 years.The correlation and composite analyses results show that the ssNa^+at the 202 km inland from Zhongshan Station and the SIE changes in SIO are closely related to the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)and Southern Annular Mode(SAM).The northward wind in central SIO occurs during positive IOD and the strengthened westerlies occurs during positive SAM,both of which favor increased sea ice in SIO and lead to the decreased ssNa^+concentration at the coastal site.

250 years of accumulation, oxygen isotope and chemical records in a firn core from Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

A 51.85-m tim core collected from site DT001 （accumulation rate 127 kgm^-2a^-1, mean annual temperature -33.1 ℃） on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996-97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition has been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. A comparison between the seasonal variations of major ions was carried out in order to reduce the dating uncertainty, using the volcanic markers as time constrains. A deposition period of 251 years was determined. The calculated accumulation rates display an increasing trend before 1820, while after 1820, the trend of the accumulation is not obvious. Overall, temperature change in the region shows a slight increasing trend over the past 250 years. But, notably, a temperature decline of -2 ℃ is observed from 1860 to the present. This feature, at odds with the warming trend over the past century recorded in both hemispheres, likely reflects a regional characteristic related to the lack of a high latitude/low latitude link in the Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. The results of the glaciochemical records of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl^-, Na^＋ and Mg^2＋ are similar to those reported from other sites in East Antarctica. However, the mean concentration of Ca^2＋ is much higher than that reported from other regions, suggesting the influence of the strong local terrestrial sources in Princess Elizabeth Land. There is no evidence of a positive correlation between NO3^- concentrations and solar activity （11-year solar cycle and solar cycle length）, although solar proton events may account for some of the NO3^- peak values in the record.

IPCC第六次评估报告解读:多年冻土变化及其影响

政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次评估报告(AR6)第一工作组报告《气候变化2021:自然科学基础》对全球多年冻土变化的观测事实、气候模式中的评估与未来预测以及多年冻土变化的影响等进行了系统归纳和总结。报告指出,在过去30~40年,多年冻土30 m以上的温度普遍升高(高信度)。2007—2016年期间,全球多年冻土温度升高了(0.29±0.12)℃(中等信度),与不连续多年冻土区的冻土变暖[(0.20±0.10)℃]相比,连续多年冻土区观测到了更强的变暖[(0.39±0.15)℃]。活动层厚度在整个泛北极地区都普遍增加(中等信度)。随着全球气候变暖,多年冻土的范围和体积将会缩小(高信度)。全球地表气温每升高1℃,距地表3 m的多年冻土体积将减少约25%(中等信度)。然而,由于地球系统模型中对与多年冻土相关物理过程的表征不完整,多年冻土的体积缩小可能被低估。报告还指出,多年冻土退化对全球冻土-碳气候反馈、生态系统及基础设施等方面造成了显著影响,在气候模式及风险评估中应予以考虑。

Impacts of snow accumulation on air temperature measured by automatic weather stations on the Antarctic ice sheet

The heights of automatic weather station （AWS） sensors over the Antarctic ice sheet are nominal and change with snow accumulation or ablation. Therefore, the measured data may not be used directly. In this study, we analyzed the impact of snow accumulation on AWS observations using continuous measurements from three AWS that were deployed on the traverse route from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A over East Antarctica. We then corrected the measured air temperature to account for changes in the sensor height relative to the snow surface to improve the authenticity and representativeness of the observation data from the AWS. The results show that （i） the annual mean snow accumulations at Dome A, Eagle and LGB69 were approximately O. 11 m, 0.30 m and 0.49 m, respectively, and the corresponding annual mean air temperature differences between the corrected and measured values at 1 m in height were 0.34℃, 0.29℃ and 0.35℃ （ii） the impact on air temperature from accumulation decreases with height from the surface; （iii） the air temperature difference between the corrected and measured values was not directly proportional to the snow accumulation but was related to the seasonal air temperature variations and the intensity of the local surface inversion; and （iv） the averaged corrected air temperature was higher than the measured values except during the summer when there were days without temperature inversion. The magnitude of the temperature difference between the corrected and measured was mainly determined by snow accumulation and the intensity of the local surface inversion.

Persistently explore new understandings of Greenland Ice Sheet ablation

Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the largest potential contributors to global sea level rise(GSLR),amounting to more than 64 m of sea level equivalence(SLE).Between the two,Greenland Ice Sheet(GrIS)alone comprises about 7 mSLE,with a much faster speed of ablation than the Antarctic Ice Sheet.

An observational study of precipitation types in the Alaskan Arctic

The effects of various precipitation types,such as snow,rain,sleet,hail and freezing rain,on regional hydrology,ecology,snow and ice surfaces differ significantly.Due to limited observations,however,few studies into precipitation types have been conducted in the Arctic.Based on the high-resolution precipitation records from an OTT Parsivel^(2) disdrometer in Utqiaġvik,Alaska,this study analysed variations in precipitation types in the Alaskan Arctic from 15 May to 16 October,2019.Results show that rain and snow were the dominant precipitation types during the measurement period,accounting for 92%of the total precipitation.In addition,freezing rain,sleet,and hail were also observed(2,4 and 11 times,respectively),accounting for the rest part of the total precipitation.The records from a neighbouring U.S.Climate Reference Network(USCRN)station equipped with T-200B rain gauges support the results of disdrometer.Further analysis revealed that Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)satellite data could well characterise the observed precipitation changes in Utqiaġvik.Combined with satellite data and station observations,the spatiotemporal variations in precipitation were verified in various reanalysis datasets,and the results indicated that ECMWF Reanalysis v5(ERA5)could better describe the observed precipitation time series in Utqiaġvik and the spatial distribution of data in the Alaskan Arctic.Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2(MERRA-2)overestimated the amount and frequency of precipitation.Japanese 55-year Reanalysis(JRA-55)could better simulate heavy precipitation events and the spatial distribution of the precipitation phase,but it overestimated summer snowfall.

Analysis of the record-breaking August 2021 rainfall over the Greenland Ice Sheet

Rainfall was witnessed for the first time at the highest area of the Greenland Ice Sheet on 14 August,2021.The thermodynamic mechanisms supporting the rainfall are revealed by ERA5 reanalysis,in-situ and satellite data.We find that a strong southward intrusion of the polar vortex favored the maintenance of a deep cyclone over Baffin Island and an amplification of anticyclonic circulation over the southeastern ice sheet,which pumped warm and moist air toward Greenland from anomalously warm waters south of Greenland.Across a wide swath of the ice sheet,atmospheric uplift maintained above-melting and rainfall conditions via condensation and enhanced downward infrared irradiance.Without the low-level liquid clouds,the spatial extent and duration of the rainfall would have been smaller.Over the ice sheet topographic summit,the air temperature from the ground to 250 hPa level was~2℃higher than the previous record set on 12 July,2012.Such events may occur more frequently with the decreased temperature contrast between the Arctic and the mid-latitude regions that drives highly amplified jet streams.Thus,this extreme event serves as a harbinger of a more likely wet surface condition across all elevations of the ice sheet.

Foreword

It is now more than a decade since the twenty-first Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （21st CHINARE） reached the highest point of the Antarctic Ice Sheet on 18 January 2005, around the 20th anniversary of China＇s involvement in polar scientific research. This marked the ongoing evolution of the CHINARE program in the Antarctic to one with a greater research focus, and with an increased involvement in international scientific collaboration. In this and subsequent issues of Advances in Polar Science, that decade of scientific achievement will be recognized by a number of thematic papers reviewing traverse route between there and the coast. the outcomes from research at Dome A and along the

Seasonal variation of atmospheric elemental carbon aerosols at Zhongshan Station,East Antarctica

Elemental carbon(or black carbon)(EC or BC)aerosols emitted by biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion could cause notable climate forcing.Southern Hemisphere biomass burning emissions have contributed substantially to EC deposition in Antarctica.Here,we present the seasonal variation of EC determined from aerosol samples acquired at Zhongshan Station(ZSS),East Antarctica.The concentration of EC in the atmosphere varied between 0.02 and 257.81 ng·m^(-3)with a mean value of 44.87±48.92 ng·m^(-3).The concentration of EC aerosols reached its peak in winter(59.04 ng·m^(-3))and was lowest(27.26 ng·m^(-3))in summer.Back trajectory analysis showed that biomass burning in southern South America was the major source of the EC found at ZSS,although some of it was derived from southern Australia,especially during winter.The 2019–2020 Australian bush fires had some influence on EC deposition at ZSS,especially during 2019,but the contribution diminished in 2020,leaving southern South America as the dominant source of EC.

格陵兰冰盖监测、模拟及气候影响研究

格陵兰冰盖是地球上两大仅存冰盖之一。随着气候变暖的加剧,格陵兰冰盖的消融及其对海平面上升的贡献成为国际上研究的热点问题。格陵兰冰盖全部融化将会导致全球海平面上升约7.3 m。然而,影响冰盖物质平衡变化的动力机制目前尚不清楚,是预测未来海平面上升最大的不确定性来源。针对格陵兰“冰盖—溢出冰川—海冰”系统的非稳定性关键过程开展监测与模拟研究,建立格陵兰“冰盖—溢出冰川—海冰”冰流系统的星—机—地一体化综合观测体系,支撑冰盖及其周边海冰数值模拟和影响研究,为在格陵兰地区开展长期监测和国际合作奠定基础;通过改进冰盖动力学模型,辅以冰芯古气候参数约束,降低预估海平面变化的不确定性;揭示冰盖周边海冰变化的驱动机制,侧重“西北航道”格陵兰西侧航段,对通航窗口期进行评估和预测,为加深对北极冰冻圈变化及影响的认识,服务“冰上丝绸之路”尤其是西北航道的安全航行与运营,以及为我国海岸带综合风险防范提供科学支撑。