悬浮物胁迫中国对虾幼体的急性毒性研究

随着沿海经济的迅速发展和海洋资源的大规模开发,海洋工程建设产生的悬浮物会对海洋生物生长发育产生影响。为研究悬浮物对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)幼体的毒性效应,采用室内模拟半静态方法,研究了不同浓度悬浮物对中国对虾幼体的急性毒性效应。结果显示,随着时间的延长,高浓度的悬浮物可抑制中国对虾幼体的游泳能力,中国对虾幼体死亡率呈现出明显的剂量效应关系,悬浮物对中国对虾幼体48 h和96 h的半数致死浓度(48h-LC50和96h-LC50)分别为452.21mg/L和183.74 mg/L,对应的安全浓度为18.37mg/L。镜检观察结果显示,中国对虾幼体体表有底泥附着,鳃内有大量的悬浮物颗粒物。该研究为深入研究悬浮物对海洋生物的毒性效应提供了理论依据。

Using SSR Marker to Trace Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Released in Natural Sea-A Feasible Strategy for Assessment of Release Effect in Natural Resources Recovery Program

Enhancement release has been proven effective in natural resources recovery of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in the last several decades in China, however, to assess the effectiveness of enhancement release, we still need to develop a high-efficient and easy-operational method to replace those physical-tagging release method with labor intensive, size-and number-limited. In the present study, single(with maternal known) parentage identification using eight simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers genotype fingerprint was used to trace Chinese shrimp released in Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 884 shrimp spawners were collected from two hatcheries in Tianjin City respectively after enhancement release of shrimp larvae in May 2013. A total of 844 shrimp samples were recaptured around the release location approximately 4 months after the shrimp larvae were released into the natural sea. Genotype data of 8 SSR loci of the 1,726 samples were used for maternal-offspring parentage identification using CEervus 3.0 software. The allele number in each locus ranged from 8 to 68 with an average value of 33.25, which produced the cumulative exclusion probability with one parent known of all these sight loci up to 99%. Among the 844 recaptured shrimp samples, 448(♂:♀=212:232, gender information was lost for 4 samples) were successfully traced to their 337 maternal parents using a logarithm of odds(LOD) > 3.0 threshold. Among these 337 maternal parents, 253 had a single offspring, 62 had two offspring, 18 had three offspring, 3 had four offspring, and 1 had five offspring. For the first time, a large number of released shrimp were identified from recapture samples, and this study showed that it is possible to trace all released Chinese shrimp without using any type of physical tag in enhancement release activities. This not only means more precise recapture ratio assessment than ever expected, but also this method demonstrates an effective method for large-scale hatchery release as well as for organisms used in hatchery enhancement which are not suitable for physical tagging.

Genetic diversity analysis of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)during stock enhancement in the Bohai Bay based on an SSR marker

Eight microsatellite markers were used to analyze genetic diversity, level of inbreeding, and effective population size of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp（Fenneropenaeus chinensis） during stock enhancement in the Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 254 and 238 alleles were identified in the spawner and recaptured populations, respectively, and the numbers of alleles（N_a） were 8–63 and 6–60, respectively. The numbers of effective alleles（N_e） were 2.52–21.60 and 2.67–20.72, respectively. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.529 to 0.952. The observed heterozygosity（H_o） values（0.638–0.910 and 0.712–0.927） were lower than the expected heterozygosity（H_e） values（0.603–0.954 and 0.625–0.952）, which indicated that the two populations possessed a rich genetic diversity. In 16 tests（2 populations×8 loci）, 13 tests deviated from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium. F_（is） values were positive at seven loci and the inbreeding coefficients（F） of the two populations estimated by trio ML were 13.234% and 11.603%, suggesting that there was a relatively high degree of inbreeding. A certain level of inbreeding depression had occurred in the Chinese shrimp population. F_（st） values ranged from 0 to 0.059, with a mean of 0.028, displaying a low level of genetic differentiation in the two populations. Effective population sizes（3 060.2 and 3 842.8） were higher than the minimum number suggested for retaining the evolutionary potential to adapt to new environmental conditions. For enhancement activity in 2014,the ideal number of captured shrimp spawners should have ranged from 7 686 to 19 214 to maintain genetic diversity and effective population size. Further strategies to adjust the balance of economic cost, fishing effort and ideal number of shrimp spawners to maintain a satisfactory effective population size for ensuring the sustainability of Chinese shrimp are proposed.

Cloning,characterization,and expression of a novel member of proteasomal subunits gene in turbot,Scophthalmus maximus

The proteasome is a large, polymeric protease complex responsible for the degradation of intracellular pro- teins and generation of peptides that bind to class I major histocompatibility complex （MHC） molecules. This study identified a new member of proteasomal subunits in turbots （Scophthalrnus rnaxirnus）. The full- length cDNA sequence of turbot proteasomal subunit was obtained. Sequence analysis indicated that its primary structure is highly similar to that of LMP7 from other vertebrates. The relationship between the turbot LMP7 expression and immune responses to pathogen infection was reported. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that LMPTwas expressed differently in various tissues, with higher expression in the spleen, liver, muscle, and skin. The LMP7 expression was the highest at 96 h after challenge with lymphocyctis disease virus （LCDV） and at 12 h after challenge with Vibrio anguillarurn in the turbot liver, kidney, and spleen. Furthermore, the LMP7 expression distinctly increased in turbot kidney cells at 24 h after challenge with V. anguillarurn and at 96 h after challenge with LCDV. These results indicate that the turbot LMP7 protein participates in immune responses and may play a significant role in the immune process.

Initiation of two ovarian cell lines from Fugu rubripes(Temminck et.Schlegel)

The ovary is an excellent system for studying stem cell renewal and differentiation, which is under the control of ovarian somatic cells. In order to understand oogenesis in Fugu rubripes （Temminck et. Schlegel） as a marine fish model of aquaculture importance, we established cell lines called TSOC 1 and TSOC2 from a juvenile ovary of this organism. TSOC1 is composed of spindle epithelial-like cells, while the other is cobblestone-like ceils. Therefore, TSOC1 and TSOC2 appear to consist of ovarian somatic cells. Growth requirement condition was investigated including temperature, concentration of FBS and pH. Significant fluorescent signals were observed after TSOC1 and TSOC2 cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 vector, indicating its potential utility for genetic manipulation such as gene function studies. It is shown that these cell lines are effective for infection by the turbot reddish body iridovirus and flounder lymphosystis disease virus as evidenced by the appearance of cytopathic effect and virus propagation in the virus-infected cells, and most convincingly, the observation of viral particles by electron microscopy, demonstrating that TSOC1 and TSOC2 are suitable to study interactions between virus and host cells. It is believed that TSOC1 and TSOC2 will be useful tools to study sex-related events and interactions between primordial germ cells and oogonia cells during oogenesis. Therefore, establishment of ovary cell lines from Fugu rubripes seems to be significant for those research areas.

Effect of Different Diet Combinations on WSSV Load and Survival Rate of Fenneropenaeus chinensis Larvae

Using microalgae( SA),artificial feed( AF),Brachionus plicatilis( BP) and brine shrimp larvae( BS),four diets including SA + AF,SA + AF + BP,SA + AF + BS and SA + AF + BP + BS were formulated and used to rear Fenneropenaeus chinensis larvae. The fertilized eggs fed with SA + AF were divided into disinfection group with iodophor and untreated group,and the fertilized eggs fed with other diets were all disinfected with iodophor. The survival rates,body weight and WSSV load of post larvae at each stage were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the survival rate of prawns at the N-Z stage by feeding with different diets( P > 0. 05),but the survival rate of prawns fed with BP was higher than others( P < 0. 01) at the Z-P stage. The body weight of post larvae( P10) fed with SA + AF + BP was less than that fed with SA + AF + BP + BS( P <0. 01). The WSSV load of prawns( 10. 52 ±3. 3 copies/ng DNA) fed with SA + AF were significantly lower than that of other treatments( P < 0. 05) at the P10 stage. During the P11- P60 stage,four kinds of diets,including Ruditapes philippinarum foot muscle( CF) + artificial feed( AF),R. philippinarum foot muscle radiated by60 Co γ-ray( RCF) + artificial feed( AF),potassium permanganate-disinfected R. philippinarum foot muscle( DCF) + artificial feed( AF) and artificial feed( AF),were used to feed prawns. The prawns fed with CF + AF gained the greatest increase of body weight and body length,but had no significant difference with that fed with AF( P > 0. 05); prawns fed with CF + AF and AF had significant difference with the other two groups( P < 0. 05). The survival rates of prawns fed with four different diets had no significant difference with each other( P > 0. 05). WSSV artificial infection test showed that the accumulated mortality of prawns fed with four diets were higher than 90%,and the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).

工厂化培育史氏鲟苗种技术探析

自20世纪90年代鲟鱼人工繁殖技术成功后,养殖史氏鲟获得了较高的经济效益和社会效益。但是连续多年的养殖,造成史氏鲟种质资源遗传多样性下降、抗病性减弱和生长性能下降。另外,随着国家对渔业尾水排放监管力度的不断加大,鲟鱼养殖产业面临前所未有的环保压力,这些对传统的鲟鱼养殖提出了新的挑战。针对种质资源和养殖环境的变化,为实现鲟鱼养殖产业转型升级,需开展史氏鲟苗种培育技术的研究。

我国烧伤医学60年回顾与展望

我国烧伤医学于1958年起步，60年来在学科建设、科研学术、临床救治水平、人才队伍建设等方面都得到快速发展，救治了大批严重烧伤患者，形成了中国特色的烧伤救治方案，治疗水平世界领先。在不断提高临床救治水平的同时，我国烧伤医学工作者还针对烧伤临床救治的关键科学问题，广泛开展实验研究，取得了一大批创新研究成果，使我国烧伤医学理论研究步入世界先进行列。展望未来，烧伤医学既面临发展机遇，也面临严峻挑战，应对烧伤发生率降低、重要性不减的态势，利用烧伤学科治疗创面的优势，建立和完善烧伤救治链是烧伤学科未来发展的重要方向。