Genetic structure and demographic histories of two sympatric Culter species in eastern China

Geographic isolation is a key factor in shaping the genetic structure of many fish species.Two sympatric species,Culter alburnus and C.mongolicus,are economically important fish that are widely distributed in China and have been recently used as new aquaculture species.We used the mitochondrial DNA control region(CR)as a marker to investigate the genetic structure of the two species.Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major lineages(Lineages I and II)that were highly consistent with geographical patterns for C.alburnus and C.mongolicus.Based on genetic distance,the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Basin(ZRB)populations potentially represented a cryptic subspecies,which might be differentiated as the result of strict geographic isolation,an earlier diverged event,or peripheral areas.Genetic diversity analysis suggested that the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Basin(CRB)populations are located at,or near the core region of their origination,not only due to the larger population size at the CRB,but also their habitat diversity and suitability for its survival,and the genetic diversity dif ferences among basin populations were significant for the two species.Moreover,demographic analysis indicated that the two Culter species and most populations had undergone a period of population expansion during warm interglacial periods.However,the C.alburnus population of Huaihe River Basin(Weishan Lake)exhibited different patterns during the interglacial period,which may due to the latest diverged time of HRB and Weishan Lake located at the permafrost.Notably,the ZRB(in Songtao Reservoir)C.mongolicus population showed no genetic diversity and had a unique haplotype,which could be treated as a special gene pool for species conservation.In summary,geographic isolation is most likely responsible for the two Culter species distribution patterns.

The hypoxia signaling pathway and hypoxic adaptation in fishes

The hypoxia signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved cellular signaling pathway present in animals ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals.The pathway is crucial for oxygen homeostasis maintenance.Hypoxia-inducible factors(HIF-1αand HIF-2α)are master regulators in the hypoxia signaling pathway.Oxygen concentrations vary a lot in the aquatic environment.To deal with this,fishes have adapted and developed varying strategies for living in hypoxic conditions.Investigations into the strategies and mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation in fishes will allow us to understand fish speciation and breed hypoxia-tolerant fish species/strains.This review summarizes the process of the hypoxia signaling pathway and its regulation,as well as the mechanism of hypoxia adaptation in fishes.