African swine fever virus(ASFV)is an important pathogen causing acute infectious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars that seriously endangers the global swine industry.As ASFV is structurally complex and encodes a...African swine fever virus(ASFV)is an important pathogen causing acute infectious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars that seriously endangers the global swine industry.As ASFV is structurally complex and encodes a large number of functional proteins,no effective vaccine has been developed to date.Thus,dissecting the mechanisms of immune escape induced by ASFV proteins is crucial.A previous study showed that the ASFV-encoded protein is an important factor in host immunity.In this study,we identified a negative regulator,MGF505-3R,that significantly downregulated cGAS/STING-and poly(dG:dC)-mediated IFN-βand interferon stimulation response element(ISRE)reporter activity and suppressed IFNB1 and IFIT2 mRNA levels.In addition,TBK1,IRF3 and IκBαphosphorylation levels were also inhibited.Mechanistically,MGF505-3R interacted with cGAS/TBK1/IRF3 and targeted TBK1 for degradation,thereby disrupting the cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-βsignaling pathway,which appears to be highly correlated with autophagy.Knockdown MGF505-3R expression enhanced IFN-βand IL-1βproduction.Taken together,our study revealed a negative regulatory mechanism involving the MGF505-3R-cGAS-STING axis and provided insights into an evasion strategy employed by ASFV that involves autophagy and innate signaling pathways.展开更多
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common tumor worldwide,and half of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients are with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).300,000 new cases of OSCC were repo...Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common tumor worldwide,and half of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients are with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).300,000 new cases of OSCC were reported annually.Even with multi-modality treatment,the prognosis of OSCC remains unsatisfactory.Thus,it is urgent to discover novel therapeutic targets for OSCC.Some microarray studies have revealed that Keratin 4(KRT4)is downregulated in OSCC,whereas its role in OSCC development remains unknown.The present study revealed that KRT4 suppressed OSCC progression by inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell invasion.In addition,KRT4 over-expression inhibited autophagy by blocking the interaction of autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase(ATG4B)and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3(LC3)to regulate apoptosis and invasion of OSCC.In conclusion,KRT4 played an important role in OSCC development through regulating ATG4B-mediated autophagy and may be a novel therapeutic drug target of OSCC.展开更多
Activating transcription factors, ATFs, are a group of bZIP transcription factors that act as homodimers or heterodimers with a range of other bZIP factors. In general, ATFs respond to extracellular signals, indicatin...Activating transcription factors, ATFs, are a group of bZIP transcription factors that act as homodimers or heterodimers with a range of other bZIP factors. In general, ATFs respond to extracellular signals, indicating their important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The ATF family includes ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7. Consistent with the diversity of cellular processes reported to be regulated by ATFs, the functions of ATFs are also diverse. ATFs play an important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and inflammation-related pathological processes. The expression and phosphorylation status of ATFs are also related to neurodegenerative diseases and polycystic kidney disease. Various miRNAs target ATFs to regulate cancer proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, sensitivity and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATFs are necessary to maintain cell redox homeostasis. Therefore, deepening our understanding of the regulation and function of ATFs will provide insights into the basic regulatory mechanisms that influence how cells integrate extracellular and intracellular signals into genomic responses through transcription factors. Under pathological conditions, especially in cancer biology and response to treatment, the characterization of ATF dysfunction is important for understanding how to therapeutically utilize ATF2 or other pathways controlled by transcription factors. In this review, we will demonstrate how ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7 function in promoting or suppressing cancer development and identify their roles in tumour immunotherapy.展开更多
Target of rapamycin(TOR)kinase is an evolutionarily conserved major regulator of nutrient metabolism and organismal growth in eukaryotes.In plants,nutrients are remobilized and reallocated between shoots and roots und...Target of rapamycin(TOR)kinase is an evolutionarily conserved major regulator of nutrient metabolism and organismal growth in eukaryotes.In plants,nutrients are remobilized and reallocated between shoots and roots under low-nutrient conditions,and nitrogen and nitrogen-related nutrients(e.g.,amino acids)are key upstream signals leading to TOR activation in shoots under low-nutrient conditions.However,how these forms of nitrogen can be sensed to activate TOR in plants is still poorly understood.Here we report that the Arabidopsis receptor kinase FERON IA(FER)interacts with the TOR pathway to regulate nutrient(nitrogen and amino acid)signaling under low-nutrient conditions and exerts similar metabolic effects in response to nitrogen deficiency.We found that FER and its partner,RPM1-induced protein kinase(RIPK),interact with the TOR/RAPTOR complex to positively modulate TOR signaling activity.During this process,the receptor complex FER/RIPK phosphorylates the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B.The RALF1 peptide,a ligand of the FER/RIPK receptor complex,increases TOR activation in the young leaf by enhancing FER-TOR interactions,leading to promotion of true leaf growth in Arabidopsis under lownutrient conditions.Furthermore,we showed that specific amino acids(e.g.,Gin,Asp,and Gly)promote true leaf growth under nitrogen-deficient conditions via the FER-TOR axis.Collectively,our study reveals a mechanism by which the RALF1-FER pathway activates TOR in the plant adaptive response to low nutrients and suggests that plants prioritize nutritional stress response over RALF1-mediated inhibition of cell growth under low-nutrient conditions.展开更多
The plant signaling pathway that regulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)involves mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades that comprise sequential activation of several prot...The plant signaling pathway that regulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)involves mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades that comprise sequential activation of several protein kinases and the ensuing phosphorylation of MAPKs,which activate transcription factors(TFs)to promote downstream defense responses.To identify plant TFs that regulate MAPKs,we investigated TF-defective mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified MYB44 as an essential constituent of the PTI pathway.MYB44 confers resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae by cooperating with MPK3 and MPK6.Under PAMP treatment,MYB44 binds to the promoters of MPK3 and MPK6 to activate their expression,leading to phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 proteins.In turn,phosphorylated MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate MYB44 in a functionally redundant manner,thus enabling MYB44 to activate MPK3 and MPK6 expression and further activate downstream defense responses.Activation of defense responses has also been attributed to activation of EIN2 transcription by MYB44,which has previously been shown to affect PAMP recognition and PTI development.AtMYB44 thus functions as an integral component of the PTI pathway by connecting transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the MPK3/6 cascade.展开更多
Leaf senescence is an important developmental process in the plant life cycle and has a significant impact on agriculture.When facing harsh environmental conditions,monocarpic plants often initiate early leaf senes-ce...Leaf senescence is an important developmental process in the plant life cycle and has a significant impact on agriculture.When facing harsh environmental conditions,monocarpic plants often initiate early leaf senes-cence as an adaptive mechanism to ensure a complete life cycle.Upon initiation,the senescence process is fine-tuned through the coordination of both positive and negative regulators.Here,we report that the small secreted peptide CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 14(CLE14)functions in the suppression of leaf senescence by regulating ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis.Expression of the CLE14-encoding gene in leaves was signifi-cantly induced by age,high salinity,abscisic acid(ABA),salicylic acid,and jasmonic acid.CLE14 knockout plants displayed accelerated progression of both natural and salinity-induced leaf senescence,whereas increased CLE14 expression or treatments with synthetic CLE14 peptides delayed senescence.CLE14 pep-tide treatments also delayed ABA-induced senescence in detached leaves.Further analysis showed that over-expression of CLE14 led to reduced.ROS levels in leaves,where higher expression of ROS scavenging genes was detected.Moreover,CLE14 signaling resulted in transcriptional activation of JUB1,a NAC family tran-scription factor previously identified as a negative regulator of senescence.Notably,the delay of leaf senes-cence,reduction in H202 level,and activation of ROS scavenging genes by CLE14 peptides were dependent on JUB1.Collectively,these results suggest that the small peptide CLE14 serves as a novel"brake signal"to regulate age-dependent and stress-induced leaf senescence through JUB1-mediated ROS scavenging.展开更多
Eukaryotic aquaporins share the characteristic of functional multiplicity in transporting distinct substrates and regulating various processes,but the underlying molecular basis for this is largely unknown.Here,we rep...Eukaryotic aquaporins share the characteristic of functional multiplicity in transporting distinct substrates and regulating various processes,but the underlying molecular basis for this is largely unknown.Here,we report that the wheat(Triticum aestivum)aquaporin TaPIP2;10 undergoes phosphorylation to promote photosynthesis and productivity and to confer innate immunity against pathogens and a generalist aphid pest.In response to elevated atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations,TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at the serine residue S280 and thereafter transports CO_(2)into wheat cells,resulting in enhanced photosynthesis and increased grain yield.In response to apoplastic H_(2)O_(2) induced by pathogen or insect attacks,TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at S121 and this phosphorylated form transports H_(2)O_(2) into the cytoplasm,where H_(2)O_(2)intensifies host defenses,restricting further attacks.Wheat resistance and grain yield could be simultaneously increased by TaPIP2;10 overexpression or by expressing a TaPIP2;10 phosphomimic with aspartic acid substitutions at S121 and S280,thereby improving both crop productivity and immunity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31941018,32072888,U21A20261)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-35)+1 种基金Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(YDZJ202102CXJD029,20190301042NY,20200402041NC)Science and Technology Development Program of Changchun City(21ZY42).
文摘African swine fever virus(ASFV)is an important pathogen causing acute infectious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars that seriously endangers the global swine industry.As ASFV is structurally complex and encodes a large number of functional proteins,no effective vaccine has been developed to date.Thus,dissecting the mechanisms of immune escape induced by ASFV proteins is crucial.A previous study showed that the ASFV-encoded protein is an important factor in host immunity.In this study,we identified a negative regulator,MGF505-3R,that significantly downregulated cGAS/STING-and poly(dG:dC)-mediated IFN-βand interferon stimulation response element(ISRE)reporter activity and suppressed IFNB1 and IFIT2 mRNA levels.In addition,TBK1,IRF3 and IκBαphosphorylation levels were also inhibited.Mechanistically,MGF505-3R interacted with cGAS/TBK1/IRF3 and targeted TBK1 for degradation,thereby disrupting the cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-βsignaling pathway,which appears to be highly correlated with autophagy.Knockdown MGF505-3R expression enhanced IFN-βand IL-1βproduction.Taken together,our study revealed a negative regulatory mechanism involving the MGF505-3R-cGAS-STING axis and provided insights into an evasion strategy employed by ASFV that involves autophagy and innate signaling pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81500864)Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(Grant No.201804010040)Sun Yat-Sen University Young Teacher Cultivation Project(Grant No.18ykpy29).
文摘Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common tumor worldwide,and half of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients are with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).300,000 new cases of OSCC were reported annually.Even with multi-modality treatment,the prognosis of OSCC remains unsatisfactory.Thus,it is urgent to discover novel therapeutic targets for OSCC.Some microarray studies have revealed that Keratin 4(KRT4)is downregulated in OSCC,whereas its role in OSCC development remains unknown.The present study revealed that KRT4 suppressed OSCC progression by inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell invasion.In addition,KRT4 over-expression inhibited autophagy by blocking the interaction of autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase(ATG4B)and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3(LC3)to regulate apoptosis and invasion of OSCC.In conclusion,KRT4 played an important role in OSCC development through regulating ATG4B-mediated autophagy and may be a novel therapeutic drug target of OSCC.
文摘Activating transcription factors, ATFs, are a group of bZIP transcription factors that act as homodimers or heterodimers with a range of other bZIP factors. In general, ATFs respond to extracellular signals, indicating their important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The ATF family includes ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7. Consistent with the diversity of cellular processes reported to be regulated by ATFs, the functions of ATFs are also diverse. ATFs play an important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and inflammation-related pathological processes. The expression and phosphorylation status of ATFs are also related to neurodegenerative diseases and polycystic kidney disease. Various miRNAs target ATFs to regulate cancer proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, sensitivity and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATFs are necessary to maintain cell redox homeostasis. Therefore, deepening our understanding of the regulation and function of ATFs will provide insights into the basic regulatory mechanisms that influence how cells integrate extracellular and intracellular signals into genomic responses through transcription factors. Under pathological conditions, especially in cancer biology and response to treatment, the characterization of ATF dysfunction is important for understanding how to therapeutically utilize ATF2 or other pathways controlled by transcription factors. In this review, we will demonstrate how ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7 function in promoting or suppressing cancer development and identify their roles in tumour immunotherapy.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-31900232,31871396,and 31571444)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ5049)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2020WK2014,and 2022WK2007)the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(212102110446)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M642972).
文摘Target of rapamycin(TOR)kinase is an evolutionarily conserved major regulator of nutrient metabolism and organismal growth in eukaryotes.In plants,nutrients are remobilized and reallocated between shoots and roots under low-nutrient conditions,and nitrogen and nitrogen-related nutrients(e.g.,amino acids)are key upstream signals leading to TOR activation in shoots under low-nutrient conditions.However,how these forms of nitrogen can be sensed to activate TOR in plants is still poorly understood.Here we report that the Arabidopsis receptor kinase FERON IA(FER)interacts with the TOR pathway to regulate nutrient(nitrogen and amino acid)signaling under low-nutrient conditions and exerts similar metabolic effects in response to nitrogen deficiency.We found that FER and its partner,RPM1-induced protein kinase(RIPK),interact with the TOR/RAPTOR complex to positively modulate TOR signaling activity.During this process,the receptor complex FER/RIPK phosphorylates the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B.The RALF1 peptide,a ligand of the FER/RIPK receptor complex,increases TOR activation in the young leaf by enhancing FER-TOR interactions,leading to promotion of true leaf growth in Arabidopsis under lownutrient conditions.Furthermore,we showed that specific amino acids(e.g.,Gin,Asp,and Gly)promote true leaf growth under nitrogen-deficient conditions via the FER-TOR axis.Collectively,our study reveals a mechanism by which the RALF1-FER pathway activates TOR in the plant adaptive response to low nutrients and suggests that plants prioritize nutritional stress response over RALF1-mediated inhibition of cell growth under low-nutrient conditions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 31772247,32072399,32170202)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(grant numbers ZR2020MC113,ZR2020MC120,ZR2020QC126).
文摘The plant signaling pathway that regulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)involves mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades that comprise sequential activation of several protein kinases and the ensuing phosphorylation of MAPKs,which activate transcription factors(TFs)to promote downstream defense responses.To identify plant TFs that regulate MAPKs,we investigated TF-defective mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified MYB44 as an essential constituent of the PTI pathway.MYB44 confers resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae by cooperating with MPK3 and MPK6.Under PAMP treatment,MYB44 binds to the promoters of MPK3 and MPK6 to activate their expression,leading to phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 proteins.In turn,phosphorylated MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate MYB44 in a functionally redundant manner,thus enabling MYB44 to activate MPK3 and MPK6 expression and further activate downstream defense responses.Activation of defense responses has also been attributed to activation of EIN2 transcription by MYB44,which has previously been shown to affect PAMP recognition and PTI development.AtMYB44 thus functions as an integral component of the PTI pathway by connecting transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the MPK3/6 cascade.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571494 to Y.G.and 31600991 to Z.L.),Chinathe Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,CAAS(2014ZL046 to Y.G.and Y2016PT51 to Z.L.),China+1 种基金the Ministry of Agriculture“948”Program(2013-Z4 to Y.G.)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-TRI02 to Y.G.),China.
文摘Leaf senescence is an important developmental process in the plant life cycle and has a significant impact on agriculture.When facing harsh environmental conditions,monocarpic plants often initiate early leaf senes-cence as an adaptive mechanism to ensure a complete life cycle.Upon initiation,the senescence process is fine-tuned through the coordination of both positive and negative regulators.Here,we report that the small secreted peptide CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 14(CLE14)functions in the suppression of leaf senescence by regulating ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis.Expression of the CLE14-encoding gene in leaves was signifi-cantly induced by age,high salinity,abscisic acid(ABA),salicylic acid,and jasmonic acid.CLE14 knockout plants displayed accelerated progression of both natural and salinity-induced leaf senescence,whereas increased CLE14 expression or treatments with synthetic CLE14 peptides delayed senescence.CLE14 pep-tide treatments also delayed ABA-induced senescence in detached leaves.Further analysis showed that over-expression of CLE14 led to reduced.ROS levels in leaves,where higher expression of ROS scavenging genes was detected.Moreover,CLE14 signaling resulted in transcriptional activation of JUB1,a NAC family tran-scription factor previously identified as a negative regulator of senescence.Notably,the delay of leaf senes-cence,reduction in H202 level,and activation of ROS scavenging genes by CLE14 peptides were dependent on JUB1.Collectively,these results suggest that the small peptide CLE14 serves as a novel"brake signal"to regulate age-dependent and stress-induced leaf senescence through JUB1-mediated ROS scavenging.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(grants numbers31772247,32072399,and 32170202)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(grants ZR2020MC113,ZR2020MC120,and ZR2020QC126).
文摘Eukaryotic aquaporins share the characteristic of functional multiplicity in transporting distinct substrates and regulating various processes,but the underlying molecular basis for this is largely unknown.Here,we report that the wheat(Triticum aestivum)aquaporin TaPIP2;10 undergoes phosphorylation to promote photosynthesis and productivity and to confer innate immunity against pathogens and a generalist aphid pest.In response to elevated atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations,TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at the serine residue S280 and thereafter transports CO_(2)into wheat cells,resulting in enhanced photosynthesis and increased grain yield.In response to apoplastic H_(2)O_(2) induced by pathogen or insect attacks,TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at S121 and this phosphorylated form transports H_(2)O_(2) into the cytoplasm,where H_(2)O_(2)intensifies host defenses,restricting further attacks.Wheat resistance and grain yield could be simultaneously increased by TaPIP2;10 overexpression or by expressing a TaPIP2;10 phosphomimic with aspartic acid substitutions at S121 and S280,thereby improving both crop productivity and immunity.