Identification and expression analysis of sugar transporter family genes reveal the role of ZmSTP2 and ZmSTP20 in maize disease resistance

Sugar is an indispensable source of energy for plant growth and development, and it requires the participation of sugar transporter proteins(STPs) for crossing the hydrophobic barrier in plants. Here, we systematically identified the genes encoding sugar transporters in the genome of maize(Zea mays L.), analyzed their expression patterns under different conditions, and determined their functions in disease resistance. The results showed that the mazie sugar transporter family contained 24 members, all of which were predicted to be distributed on the cell membrane and had a highly conserved transmembrane transport domain. The tissue-specific expression of the maize sugar transporter genes was analyzed, and the expression level of these genes was found to be significantly different in different tissues. The analysis of biotic and abiotic stress data showed that the expression levels of the sugar transporter genes changed significantly under different stress factors. The expression levels of Zm STP2 and Zm STP20 continued to increase following Fusarium graminearum infection. By performing disease resistance analysis of zmstp2 and zmstp20 mutants, we found that after inoculation with Cochliobolus carbonum, Setosphaeria turcica, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and F. graminearum, the lesion area of the mutants was significantly higher than that of the wild-type B73 plant. In this study, the genes encoding sugar transporters in maize were systematically identified and analyzed at the whole genome level. The expression patterns of the sugar transporter-encoding genes in different tissues of maize and under biotic and abiotic stresses were revealed, which laid an important theoretical foundation for further elucidation of their functions.

灰葡萄孢G-蛋白Gα亚基基因bcg2和bcg3的功能研究

为明确灰葡萄孢G-蛋白Gα亚基基因bcg2和bcg3在病菌生长、发育和致病过程中的功能,本研究构建了bcg2和bcg3基因的RNAi突变体,以野生型BC22菌株为对照,对bcg2和bcg3基因的RNAi突变体的表型和致病力进行分析,发现bcg2和bcg3基因的RNAi突变体的菌落形态、菌核的形成以及菌丝形态均与野生型BC22菌株没有明显差别;bcg2和bcg3基因的RNAi突变体的菌丝生长速率均有不同程度的减慢,分生孢子产量较野生型明显降低;突变体在寄主植物上不能产生明显的致病症状,且丧失穿透能力。结果表明,灰葡萄孢bcg2和bcg3基因正调控病菌的菌丝生长、分生孢子的产量、致病力和穿透能力。

Isolation and Structural Identification of Herbicidal Active Substance from Root of Flaveria bident(L.) Kuntze

In order to understand the composition and structure of herbicidal active substance from the root of Flaveria bidentis(L.) Kuntze, the isolation and structural identification were researched in this paper. The crude extract from the root of F. bidentis(L.) Kuntze was extracted by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and water saturation of n-butyl alcohol, respectively, and the extraction fluid was separated by using the method of TLC, then the main fraction was separated by HPLC, and the structure of the herbicidal active substance was analyzed by LC-MS, elemental analysis and 1H-NMR. The results showed that the petroleum extraction had the strongest herbicidal activity, and the purple blue stripe separated by TLC had the strongest effect on Digitaria sanguinalis. The herbicidal active substance was identified as α-terthienyl according to the data of LC-MS, elemental analysis and 1H-NMR.

BcSDR1 is involved in regulation of glucose transport and cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways in Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regulates growth,development, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. However, the regulation mechanism of BcSDR1 and the relationship between BcSDR1 and cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome data showed that BcSDR1 is involved in glucose transmembrane transport, signal transduction, secondary metabolism, and other biological processes. BcSDR1 mutant(BCt41) showed remarkably weak sensitivity to cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways specific inhibitors, SQ22536 and U0126, and significantly decreased cAMP content. The key genes of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways, BcGB1, BcBTP1, BcBOS1, BcRAS1, and BcBMP3 were significantly upregulated,whereas BcPLC1, BcBCG1, BcCDC4, BcSAK1, BcATF1, and BcBAP1 were significantly downregulated(P<0.05).BcSDR1 was obviously upregulated in BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR RNA interference(RNAi) mutants, but significantly downregulated in BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 RNAi mutants. Thus, BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR negatively regulate BcSDR1 expression, whereas BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 positively regulate BcSDR1expression.

灰葡萄孢丝裂原活化蛋白激酶编码基因bmp1和bmp3的功能

【背景】植物病原真菌丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号途径参与病菌有性生殖、细胞壁完整、菌丝侵染、致病力、胁迫响应等过程,灰葡萄孢MAPK信号途径参与病菌生长发育、致病力以及胁迫响应,但MAPK信号途径基因在灰葡萄孢中的功能尚未完全阐明,该信号途径对灰葡萄孢的生长发育和致病力的调控机制尚不明确。【目的】明确灰葡萄孢MAPK编码基因bmp1、bmp3在病菌生长发育、致病力以及氧化胁迫响应过程的功能,为进一步阐明MAPK信号途径调控灰葡萄孢生长发育和致病力的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】利用RNAi技术构建灰葡萄孢MAPK编码基因bmp1和bmp3的RNAi突变体,并以野生型BC22菌株为对照,对bmp1和bmp3基因的RNAi突变体的表型、致病力以及对氧化胁迫的敏感性进行分析。【结果】灰葡萄孢bmp1和bmp3基因的RNAi突变体其菌落形态、菌丝形态均与野生型BC22菌株没有明显差别;bmp1基因的RNAi突变体生长速率明显减慢,分生孢子产量明显降低;bmp3基因的RNAi突变体的生长速率与野生型BC22菌株没有明显差别,不能产生分生孢子。bmp1和bmp3基因的RNAi突变体在番茄果实的表面均不能产生明显的致病症状,而且不能穿透玻璃纸。bmp1基因的RNAi突变体在含有H_2O_2的培养基上受抑制的程度显著低于野生型,而在含甲萘醌的培养基上受抑制的程度显著高于野生型;bmp3基因的RNAi突变体在含有H_2O_2和甲萘醌的培养基受抑制的程度均显著高于野生型。【结论】灰葡萄孢bmp1基因正调控病菌生长、分生孢子形成、致病力和穿透能力,参与调控病菌对氧化胁迫的响应;灰葡萄孢bmp3基因正调控病菌分生孢子形成、致病力、穿透能力以及对氧化胁迫的响应。

玉米BTB家族基因的鉴定与表达规律分析

本研究利用生物信息学方法对玉米BTB家族基因进行系统发育、保守结构域、组织特异性以及在玉米抵抗生物和非生物胁迫过程中的表达规律进行分析。发现玉米70个BTB家族蛋白除AC206223.3外均含有保守的BTB结构域,可分为11个亚家族。玉米BTB家族基因具有明显的组织表达特性,在高温、低温、紫外、高盐和干旱胁迫下以及拟轮枝镰孢(Fusarium verticillioide)侵染过程中的表达水平呈现出明显的差异。BTB-TAZ亚家族基因在水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯处理后表达水平发生明显的变化。结果表明BTB家族基因在玉米抵抗生物和非生物胁迫中发挥重要的作用,为阐明玉米BTB家族基因的功能及其机制奠定了基础。

灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因与PKA编码基因的关系研究

为明确灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因与病菌cAMP信号途径中PKA编码基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR之间的关系,利用Real-time PCR技术分析了BcPDR1基因突变对PKA编码基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR表达的影响,以及PKA编码基因突变对BcPDR1基因表达的影响。结果发现,BcPDR1基因突变体中BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR的表达水平均显著高于野生型和回复菌株,BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR基因的RNAi突变体中BcPDR1基因表达水平显著低于野生型。我们分别构建了PKA编码基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR在敲除突变体ΔBcpdr1中过表达的菌株ΔBcpdr1/BcPKA1-OE、ΔBcpdr1/BcPKA2-OE、ΔBcpdr1/BcPKAR-OE;对过表达菌株的表型和致病力进行分析发现,过表达菌株的菌落形态、菌核形成、菌丝形态、生长速率、产孢量和致病力均与突变体ΔBcpdr1表现显著的差异,而更接近野生型BC22的表型和致病力。结果表明,灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因与PKA亚基基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2和BcPKAR的表达水平密切相关,BcPDR1基因负调控这3个基因的表达,而这3个基因对BcPDR1基因表达有正调控作用。本研究为进一步阐明灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因调控病菌生长发育和致病力的分子机制奠定了基础。

灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径关键酶基因的鉴定

【背景】灰葡萄孢是一种重要的植物病原真菌,实验室前期明确了灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(kynurenine3-monooxygenase,KMO)基因BcKMO参与调控病菌的生长发育和致病力。犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(KMO)是犬尿氨酸途径的关键酶,但灰葡萄孢是否存在犬尿氨酸途径及其在病菌生长、发育和致病过程中的功能尚未见相关报道。【目的】鉴定灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径中的关键酶基因,确定灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径的存在,为阐明灰葡萄孢生长发育和致病力的分子机理奠定基础。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,对灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径中犬尿氨酸酶(kynureninase,KYN)、吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)、犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(kynurenine amino transferase,KAT)的编码基因进行分析;利用Real-time PCR技术,检测灰葡萄孢野生型BC22、BcKMO基因T-DNA插入突变体BCG183、恢复菌株BCG183/BcKMO中犬尿氨酸途径关键酶基因的表达水平;利用真菌犬尿氨酸酶KYN检测试剂盒,测定BcKMO突变体中犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量。【结果】灰葡萄孢中含有2个犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(KAT)的编码基因、3个吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)的编码基因、10个犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(KAT)的编码基因。灰葡萄孢KYN编码基因、IDO编码基因、KAT编码基因在突变体BCG183中的表达水平显著高于或低于在野生型和恢复菌株。突变体BCG183中犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量显著低于野生型BC22和恢复菌株。【结论】灰葡萄孢中存在犬尿氨酸途径,灰葡萄孢BcKMO基因突变影响KYN、IDO和KAT编码基因的表达以及犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量。