A synthetic diagnostics platform for microwave imaging diagnostics in tokamaks

Interpreting experimental diagnostics data in tokamaks,while considering non-ideal effects,is challenging due to the complexity of plasmas.To address this challenge,a general synthetic diagnostics(GSD)platform has been established that facilitates microwave imaging reflectometry and electron cyclotron emission imaging.This platform utilizes plasma profiles as input and incorporates the finite-difference time domain,ray tracing and the radiative transfer equation to calculate the propagation of plasma spontaneous radiation and the external electromagnetic field in plasmas.Benchmark tests for classical cases have been conducted to verify the accuracy of every core module in the GSD platform.Finally,2D imaging of a typical electron temperature distribution is reproduced by this platform and the results are consistent with the given real experimental data.This platform also has the potential to be extended to 3D electromagnetic field simulations and other microwave diagnostics such as cross-polarization scattering.

GRIK1 promotes glioblastoma malignancy and is a novel prognostic factor of poor prognosis

Primary tumors of the central nervous system(CNS)are classified into over 100 different histological types.The most common type of glioma is derived from astrocytes,and the most invasive glioblastoma(WHO IV)accounts for over 57%of these tumors.Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most common and fatal tumor of the CNS,with strong growth and invasion capabilities,which makes complete surgical resection almost impossible.Despite various treatment methods such as surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy,glioma is still an incurable disease,and the median survival time of patients with GBM is shorter than 15 months.Thus,molecular mechanisms of GBM characteristic invasive growth need to be clarified to improve the poor prognosis.Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 1(GRIK1)is essential for brain function and is involved in many mental and neurological diseases.However,GRIK1’s pathogenic roles and mechanisms in GBM are still unknown.Single-nuclear RNA sequencing of primary and recurrent GBM samples revealed that GRIK1 expression was noticeably higher in the recurrent samples.Moreover,immunohistochemical staining of an array of GBM samples showed that high levels of GRIK1 correlated with poor prognosis of GBM,consistent with The Cancer Genome Atlas database.Knockdown of GRIK1 retarded GBM cells growth,migration,and invasion.Taken together,these findings show that GRIK1 is a unique and important component in the development of GBM and may be considered as a biomarker for the diagnosis and therapy in individuals with GBM.

Hydration reactivity difference between dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate revealed from structural and Bader charge analysis

Cement hydration is the underlying mechanism for the strength development in cement-based materials.The structural and electronic properties of calcium silicates should be elucidated to reveal their difference in hydration reactivity.Here,we comprehensively comparedβ-C_(2)S and M_(3)-C_(3)S and investigated their structural properties and Bader charge in the unit cell,during surface reconstruction and after single water adsorption via density functional theory.We identified different types of atoms inβ-C_(2)S and M_(3)-C_(3)S by considering the bonding characteristics and Bader charge.We then divided the atoms into the following groups:forβ-C_(2)S,Ca and O atoms divided into two and four groups,respectively;for M_(3)-C_(3)S,Ca,O,and Si atoms divided into four,four,and three groups,respectively.Results revealed that the valence electron distribution on the surface was more uniform than that on the unit cell,indicating that some atoms became more reactive after surface relaxation.During water adsorption,the electrons ofβ-C_(2)S and M_(3)-C_(3)S were transferred from the surface to the adsorbed water molecules through position redistribution and bond formation/breaking.On this basis,we explained whyβ-C_(2)S and M_(3)-C_(3)S had activity differences.A type of O atom with special bond characteristics(no O–Si bonds)and high reactivity existed in the unit cell of M_(3)-C_(3)S.Bader charge analysis showed that the reactivity of Ca and O atoms was generally higher in M_(3)-C_(3)S than inβ-C_(2)S.Ca/O atoms had average valence electron numbers of6.437/7.550 inβ-C_(2)S and 6.481/7.537 in M_(3)-C_(3)S.Moreover,the number of electrons gained by water molecules in M_(3)-C_(3)S at the surface was higher than that inβ-C_(2)S.The average variations in the valence electrons of H_(2)O onβ-C_(2)S and M_(3)-C_(3)S were 0.041 and 0.226,respectively.This study further explains the differences in the hydration reactivity of calcium silicates and would be also useful for the design of highly reactive and environmentally friendly cements.

System identification and control of the ground operation mode of a hybrid aerial-ground robot

This paper presents an in-depth analytical and empirical assessment of the performance of DoubleBee,a novel hybrid aerial-ground robot.Particularly,the dynamic model of the robot with ground contact is analyzed,and the unknown parameters in the model are identified.We apply an unscented Kalman filter-based approach and a least square-based approach to estimate the parameters with given measurements and inputs at every time step.Real data are collected and used to estimate the parameters;test data verify that the values obtained are able to model the rotation of the robot accurately.A gain-scheduled feedback controller is proposed,which leverages the identified model to generate accurate control inputs to drive the system to the desired states.The system is proven to track a constant-velocity reference signal with bounded error.Simulations and real-world experiments using the proposed controller show improved performance than the PID-based controller in tracking step commands and maintaining attitude under robot movement.