DMPP mitigates N_(2)O and NO productions by inhibiting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in an intensified vegetable field under different temperature and moisture regimes

Vegetable soils with high nitrogen input are major sources of nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)and nitric oxide(NO),and incorporation of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)into soils has been documented to effectively reduce emissions.However,the efficiency of DMPP in terms of soil N_(2)O and NO mitigations varies greatly depending on soil temperature and moisture levels.Thus,further evaluations of DMPP efficiency in diverse environments are required to encourage widespread application.A laboratory incubation study(28 d)was established to investigate the interactive effects of DMPP,temperature(15,25,and 35?C),and soil moisture(55% and 80% of water-holding capacity(WHC))on net nitrification rate,N_(2)O and NO productions,and gene abundances of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in an intensive vegetable soil.Results showed that incubating soil with 1%DMPP led to partial inhibition of the net nitrification rate and N_(2)O and NO productions,and the reduction percentage of N_(2)O production was higher than that of NO production(69.3%vs.38.2%)regardless of temperature and soil moisture conditions.The increased temperatures promoted the net nitrification rate but decreased soil N_(2)O and NO productions.Soil moisture influenced NO production more than N_(2)O production,decreasing with the increased moisture level(80%).The inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N_(2)O and NO productions decreased with increased temperatures at 55%WHC.Conversely,the inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N_(2)O production increased with increased temperatures at 80%WHC.Based on the correlation analyses and automatic linear modeling,the mitigation of both N_(2)O and NO productions from the soil induced by DMPP was attributed to the decreases in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)amoA gene abundance and NO_(2)^(-)-N concentration.Overall,our study indicated that DMPP reduced both N_(2)O and NO productions by regulating the associated AOB amoA gene abundance and NO_(2)^(-)-N concentration.These findings improve our insights regarding the implications of DMPP for N_(2)O and NO mitigations in vegetable soils under various climate scenarios.

Research trends of worldwide ophthalmologic randomized controlled trials in the 21st century:A bibliometric study

Background:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)are often considered the gold standard and the cornerstone for clinical practice.However,bibliometric studies on worldwide RCTs of ophthalmology published in the 21st century have not been reported in detail yet.This study aims to perform a bibliometric study and visualization analysis of worldwide ophthalmologic RCTs in the 21st century.Methods:Global ophthalmologic RCTs from 2000 to 2022 were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection.The number of publications,country/region,institution,author,journal,and research hotspots of RCTs were analyzed using HistCite,VOSviewer,CiteSpace,and Excel software.Results:2366 institutions and 90 journals from 83 countries/regions participated in the publication of 1769 global ophthalmologic RCTs,with the United States leading in the number of volumes and research field,and the Moorfields Eye Hospital contributing to the most publications.Ophthalmology received the greatest number of publications and co-citations.Jeffrey S.Heier owned the most publications and Jost B.Jonas owned the most cocitations.The knowledge foundations of global ophthalmologic RCTs were mainly retinopathy,glaucoma,dry eye disease(DED),and cataracts,and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)therapy(ranibizumab),topical ocular hypotensive medication,laser trabeculoplasty.Anti-VEGF therapy for age-related macular degeneration(AMD),DME(diabetic macular edema),and DED,the use of new diagnostic tools,and myopia were the hottest research highlights.Anti-VEGF therapy,prompt laser,triamcinolone,and verteporfin photodynamic therapy for AMD,DME,and CNV(choroidal neovascularization),DED,myopia,and open-angle glaucoma were the research hotspots with the longest duration.The future research hotspots might be DED and the prevention and control of myopia.Conclusions:Overall,the number of global ophthalmologic RCTs in the 21st century was keeping growing,there was an imbalance between the regions and institutions,and more efforts are required to raise the quantity,quality,and global impact of high-quality clinical evidence in developing countries/regions.

Increasing the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing by suppressing RNAi in plants

Dear Editor,CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated)-based genome editing is a powerful and widely adopted technology for introducing specific mutations in animal and plant systems.

哌嗪季铵碱催化剂的合成及其在异氰酸酯聚合反应中的应用

在温和条件下合成了一种用于脂肪族异氰酸酯聚合反应的哌嗪类双季铵碱催化剂,制备过程简单,且催化剂具有较高的催化活性和选择性,催化反应所生成的聚合产物中所需的三聚体成分较高,产物色度较低.

Zeolite templated carbon nanodots for broadband ultrafast pulsed fiber laser generation

Carbon nanodots(C-dots) with a uniform size of about 2 nm are synthesized via in situ pyrolysis of n-propylamine that is confined in the nanochannels of zeolite Linde Type A(LTA). The as-synthesized C-dots@LTA composite shows nonlinear optical saturable absorption properties in a broad wavelength band and can be used as saturable absorber(SA) to generate ultrafast pulsed fiber lasers. By inserting a zeolite LTA single crystal hosting C-dots into the fiber laser cavity, mode-locked fiber lasers with long-term operation stability at 1.5 μm and 1 μm are achieved. These results show that the C-dots@LTA are a promising SA material for ultrafast pulsed fiber laser generation in a broad wavelength band. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a C-dots@LTA-based mode-locked fiber laser.

Facile active control of a pulsed erbium-doped fiber laser using modulation depth tunable carbon nanotubes

Short pulsed fiber lasers have been widely made using single-walled carbon nanotubes as a saturable absorber(SA). However, most of the currently used devices can only operate in one determined operation state with an unchangeable modulation SA depth in the cavity, which significantly limits their application in photonic devices.In this paper, well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays are synthesized using zeolite AlPO_4-5 as a template, which features anisotropic optical absorption. The linear optical absorption of the as-synthesized carbon nanotube arrays can easily be tuned by adjusting a polarization controller, thus providing a tunable modulation depth for the carbon nanotube SA. By exploiting this SA in an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity, both Q-switched and modelocked pulsed lasers are achieved by simply adjusting a polarization controller under a fixed pump power of 330 mW. In addition, the repetition rate of the Q-switching and pulse duration of the mode-locking can be tuned according to the variation of modulation depth. Moreover, soliton molecules can be obtained when the modulation depth of the SA is 4.5%.

Biochar and organic substitution improved net ecosystem economic benefit in intensive vegetable production

Biochar amendment and substituting chemical fertilizers with organic manure(organic substitution)have been widely reported to increase crop production and decrease reactive nitrogen(Nr)loss including nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),nitric oxide(NO),and ammonia(NH3)emissions,and N runoff and leaching.However,few comprehensive evalua-tions have been performed on the environmental and economic aspects of biochar amendment or organic sub-stitution.Here,we studied the comprehensive effects of biochar amendment,organic substitution,and biochar amendment combined with organic substitution on crop production,Nr loss,and net ecosystem economic benefit(NEEB)in intensive vegetable production by integrating life-cycle assessment for Nr footprints,empirical models for NH3 volatilization and N runoff and leaching derived from peer-reviewed publications and validated by the current measurements and direct field measurement for N_(2)O and NO emissions during 5 consecutive years of vegetable crop rotations.Five fertilization treatments were applied(SN:synthetic fertilizer application;SNB:SN plus 20 t ha^(−1)biochar amendment;SNM:substituting 50%of chemical N fertilizer with organic manure;SNMB:SNM plus 20 t ha^(−1)biochar amendment;and CK:no fertilizer or biochar addition).Compared with the SN,the SNB increased vegetable yield(28.4%,p<0.05;interannually varying from−10 to 74.9%)and nitrogen use efficiency(29.2%,interannually varying from−39.7 to 150.4%),and decreased field Nr loss(45.4%,p<0.01;interannually varying from−40.3 to 78.4%),and thus improved NEEB by 7.1%;meanwhile,the SNM increased vegetable yield(11.6%,interannually varying from−5.4 to 27.1%)and nitrogen use efficiency(45.7%,p<0.05;interannually varying from 2.3 to 154%),reduced field Nr loss(34.9%,p<0.01;interannually varying from 8.4-39.0%),and thus improved NEEB by 17.8%(p<0.05)compared to the SN,being 56.0×10^(3)Chinese Yuan(CNY)ha^(−1)crop^(−1).Due to the high foreground Nr loss during organic manure production and high input costs of biochar production,the SNMB decreased the NEEB by 8.0%as compared to the SN.Moreover,the SNB and SNM improved vegetable qualities by increasing protein,soluble sugar,and vitamin C contents while decreasing nitrate content(p<0.05).Therefore,single application of biochar amendment or organic substitution would achieve better NEEB and product quality in vegetable production.

NTP4 modulates miRNA accumulation via asymmetric modification of miRNA/miRNA duplex

Dear Editor.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are endogenous small RNAs(sRNAs)that play crucial regulatory roles in gene expression.In plants,the transcribed primary miRNAs(pri-miRNAs)are sequentially processed by DICER-LIKE 1(DCL1)into precursor miRNAs(pre-miRNAs),and eventually miRNA/miRNA*duplexes(Wang et al.,2019).The methyltransferase HUA ENHANCER 1(HEN1)confers 2’-Omethylation on the 3’terminal ribose of each strand within the miRNA/miRNA*duplexes(Yu et al.,2005).Once methylated,miRNA duplexes are loaded onto ARGONAUTE1(AGO1),with one strand referred to as miRNA which is stabilized to form RNA-induced silencing complexes(RISCs),whereas the other strand becomes miRNA*that is eliminated and degraded.

Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders:A survival meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background Monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab(RTX),eculizumab,inebilizumab,satralizumab,and tocilizumab have been found to be effective therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease(NMOSD)in several clinical randomized controlled trials.Objective The purpose of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was to assess the efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of NMOSD.Methods We searched the following databases for relevant English language literature from the establishment of the database to June 2021:PubMed,Embase,Cohorane Library,the Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL),and Web of Science.Randomized controlled trials of monoclonal antibodies were the targets of the review.Results We included seven trials containing 775 patients(485 in the monoclonal antibody group and 290 in the control group).Patients in the monoclonal group(HR 0.24,95%CI:0.14 to 0.40,P<0.00001),as well as patients with seropositive AQP4-IgG(HR 0.18,95%CI:0.11 to 0.29,P<0.00001),both had a higher free recurrence rate than that in the control group.In the first year(HR 0.25,95%CI:0.09 to 0.71,P=0.009)and the second year(HR 0.32,95%CI:0.13 to 0.81,P=0.02),no relapses were documented.The average changes of the expanded disability status scale(EDSS)score decreased by 0.29(95%CI:−0.09 to 0.51,P=0.005).Upper respiratory tract infection(OR 1.52,95%CI:0.76 to 3.04,P=0.24),urinary tract infection(OR 0.79,95%CI:0.51 to 1.21,P=0.27),and headache(OR 1.30,95%CI:0.78 to 2.17,P=0.31)were three most frequent adverse reactions.Conclusions Monoclonal antibodies are particularly effective treatments in avoiding recurrence for NMOSD patients,according to this meta-analysis.The associated adverse responses are not significantly different from those seen with traditional immunosuppressants.