磺酰腙的高效快速合成及其抗菌性能初探——推荐一个医学本科院校化学创新实验

在有机化学实验教学过程中,实验内容通常是完成某一化合物的合成或提取,缺少对目标化合物的结构鉴定和性质检验。为了提高有机化学实验教学质量,培养学生的科研素养和创新能力。以商业易得的醛、酮和对甲苯磺酰肼为反应原料,于室温无溶剂条件下,利用研磨方法在1 min内高效快速合成磺酰腙,并对产物进行结构表征和性质研究。产物应用于抗菌实验研究时,化合物3i和3h对大肠杆菌有最好的抑制效果。实验涉及合成、TLC检测和柱色谱层析等操作,可以锻炼学生在有机化合物合成、纯化及结构鉴定等方面的操作技能。要求学生独立查阅文献,熟练掌握Origin、ChemDraw和MestRec等软件的使用,可以提升学生分析问题并解决问题的能力。改进的实验以提高学生综合素质为宗旨,适用于有机化学基础实验教学。

Organic cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries:Fundamentals, recent advances, and approaches to optimization

Rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs) are favorable substitutes for conventional lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) because of abundant magnesium reserves, a high theoretical energy density, and great inherent safety. Organic electrode materials with excellent structural tunability,unique coordination reaction mechanisms, and environmental friendliness offer great potential to promote the electrochemical performance of MIBs. However, research on organic magnesium battery cathode materials is still preliminary with many significant challenges to be resolved including low electrical conductivity and unwanted but severe dissolution in useful electrolytes. Herein, we provide a detailed overview of reported organic cathode materials for MIBs. We begin with basic properties such as charge storage mechanisms(e.g., n-, p-, and bipolartype), moving to recent advances in various types of organic cathodes including carbonyl-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-based materials. To shed light on the diverse strategies targeting high-performance Mg-organic batteries, elaborate summaries of various approaches are presented.Generally, these strategies include molecular design, polymerization, mixing with carbon, nanosizing and electrolyte/separator optimization.This review provides insights on exploring high-performance organic cathodes in rechargeable MIBs.

PIM1-HDAC2 axis modulates intestinal homeostasis through epigenetic modification

The mucosal barrier is crucial for intestinal homeostasis,and goblet cells are essential for maintaining the mucosal barrier integrity.The proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1(PIM1)kinase regulates multiple cellular functions,but its role in intestinal homeostasis during colitis is unknown.Here,we demonstrate that PIM1 is prominently elevated in the colonic epithelia of both ulcerative colitis patients and murine models,in the presence of intestinal microbiota.Epithelial PIM1 leads to decreased goblet cells,thus impairing resistance to colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer(CAC)in mice.Mechanistically,PIM1 modulates goblet cell differentiation through the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways.Interestingly,PIM1 interacts with histone deacetylase 2(HDAC2)and downregulates its level via phosphorylation,thereby altering the epigenetic profiles of Wnt signaling pathway genes.Collectively,these findings investigate the unknown function of the PIM1-HDAC2 axis in goblet cell differentiation and ulcerative colitis/CAC pathogenesis,which points to the potential for PIM1-targeted therapies of ulcerative colitis and CAC.

Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances extracellular vesicles from muscle to promote osteogenesis via miR-873-3p

Regular physical activity is widely recognized for reducing the risk of various disorders,with skeletal muscles playing a key role by releasing biomolecules that benefit multiple organs and tissues.However,many individuals,particularly the elderly and those with clinical conditions,are unable to engage in physical exercise,necessitating alternative strategies to stimulate muscle cells to secrete beneficial biomolecules.Histone acetylation and deacetylation significantly influence exercise-induced gene expression,suggesting that targeting histone deacetylases(HDACs)could mimic some exercise responses.In this study,we explored the effects of the HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A(TSA)on human skeletal muscle myoblasts(HSMMs).Our findings showed that TSA-induced hyperacetylation enhanced myotube fusion and increased the secretion of extracellular vesicles(EVs)enriched with miR-873-3p.These TSA-EVs promoted osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMSCs)by targeting H2 calponin(CNN2).In vivo,systemic administration of TSA-EVs to osteoporosis mice resulted in significant improvements in bone mass.Moreover,TSA-EVs mimicked the osteogenic benefits of exercise-induced EVs,suggesting that HDAC inhibition can replicate exercise-induced bone health benefits.These results demonstrate the potential of TSA-induced muscle-derived EVs as a therapeutic strategy to enhance bone formation and prevent osteoporosis,particularly for individuals unable to exercise.Given the FDA-approved status of various HDAC inhibitors,this approach holds significant promise for rapid clinical translation in osteoporosis treatment.

Anodes for low-temperature rechargeable batteries

Rechargeable alkali metal ion(Li^(+),Na^(+),K^(+))batteries have shown great success in room-temperature energy storage.However,their low-temperature(subzero temperature)applications are still severely restricted,and the poor electrochemical performance of the anode materials at low temperature serves as a critical obstacle.Therefore,it is urgent to obtain a comprehensive understanding towards the key effects of low temperatures on the performance of the anodes and overview the related improving strategies.In this work,the effects that temperature would impose on electrode performance are firstly discussed.Next,the progress in low-temperature anodes of alkali metal ion batteries is reviewed,by the classification of the reaction types of the anode materials,including intercalation-type anodes,conversion-type anodes,alloy anodes and alkali metal anodes,and corresponding strategies to improve the performance of the anodes are summarized as well.At last,some promising research directions in this field are proposed.This work is intended to shed some light on future exploitation of high-performance low-temperature anode materials.

Polarization independent high-speed spatial modulators based on an electro-optic polymer and silicon hybrid metasurface

Dynamical control of the constitutive properties of a light beam is important for many applications in photonics and is achieved with spatial light modulators(SLMs).Performances of the current demonstrations,such as liquidcrystal or micro-electrical mechanical SLMs,are typically limited by low(kHz)switching speeds.Here,we report a high-speed SLM based on the electro-optic(EO)polymer and silicon hybrid metasurface.The specially configured metasurface can not only support a high-Q resonance and large“optical–electrical”overlap factor,but also overcome the challenge of polarization dependence in traditional EO modulators.Combined with the high EO coefficient of the polymer,a 400 MHz modulation with an RF driving source of 15 dBm has been observed in the proof-of-concept device near the wavelength of 1310 nm.The device with the desired merits of high speed,high efficiency,and micrometer size may provide new opportunities for high-speed smart-pixel imaging,freespace communication,and more.

Physicochemical properties,antimicrobial activity and oil release of fish gelatin films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil

Fish skin gelatin films incorporated with various concentrations of cinnamon essential oil(CEO)were prepared and characterized.The results showed that tensile strength(TS),elongation at break(EAB),and water content(WC)of the gelatin based film decreased with the increasing concentrations of CEO,but water vapor permeability(WVP)increased.Addition of CEO improved light barrier property of the film.The Scanning electron microscope(SEM)showed that the heterogeneous surface and porous formation appeared in gelatin-CEO films.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses(FTIR-ATR)spectra indicated the interactions existed between gelatin and CEO.The gelatin-CEO films exhibited good inhibitory effects against the tested microorganisms(Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Aspergillus niger,Rhizopus oryzae,and Paecilomyces varioti)and their antifungal activity seemed to be more effective than the resistance to bacterial growth.In vitro release studies showed an initial burst effect of CEO release and that subsequently slowed down at 40℃,but the initial burst release was not obvious at 4℃.The obtained results suggested that incorporation of CEO as a natural antimicrobial agent into gelatin film has potential for developing as active food packaging.

‘Plug-and-play’ plasmonic metafibers for ultrafast fibre lasers

Metafibers expand the functionalities of conventional optical fibres to unprecedented nanoscale light manipulations by integrating metasurfaces on the fibre tips,becoming an emerging light-coupling platform for both the nanoscience and fibre optics communities.Current metafibers remain proof-of-concept demonstrations that mostly explore isolated bare fibres owing to the lack of standard interfaces with universal fibre networks.Here,we develop methodologies for fabricating well-defined plasmonic metasurfaces directly on the end facets of commercial single-mode fibre jumpers using standard planar technologies and provide the first demonstration of their practical applications in the nonlinear plasmonic regime.Featuring plug-and-play connections with fibre circuitry and arbitrary metasurface landscapes,the metafibers with tunable plasmonic resonances are implemented into fibre laser cavities,yielding all-fibre sub-picosecond(minimum 513 fs)soliton mode locked lasers at optical wavelengths of 1.5μm and 2μm,demonstrating their unusual polarimetric nonlinear transfer functions and superior saturation absorption responses.The nanofabrication process flow is compatible with existing cleanroom technologies,offering metafibers an avenue to become a regular member of functionalised fibre components.This work paves the way toward the next generation of ultrafast lasers,optical frequency combs,and ultracompact‘all-in-fibre’optical systems.

Amelioration of ethanol-induced oxidative stress and alcoholic liver disease by in vivo RNAi targeting Cyp2e1

Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)results from continuous and heavy alcohol consumption.The current treatment strategy for ALD is based on alcohol withdrawal coupled with antioxidant drug intervention,which is a long process with poor efficacy and low patient compliance.Alcohol-induced CYP2E1 upregulation has been demonstrated as a key regulator of ALD,but CYP2E1 knockdown in humans was impractical,and pharmacological inhibition of CYP2E1 by a clinically relevant approach for treating ALD was not shown.In this study,we developed a RNAi therapeutics delivered by lipid nanoparticle,and treated mice fed on Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet weekly for up to 12 weeks.This RNAi-based inhibition of Cyp2e1 expression reduced reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in mouse livers,and contributed to improved ALD symptoms in mice.The liver fat accumulation,hepatocyte inflammation,and fibrosis were reduced in ALD models.Therefore,this study suggested the feasibility of RNAi targeting to CYP2E1 as a potential therapeutic tool to the development of ALD.

Development of the novel ACLY inhibitor 326E as a promising treatment for hypercholesterolemia

Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is an important contributor to hypercholesterolemia,which results in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease(CVD).ATP-citrate lyase(ACLY)is a key lipogenic enzyme that converts cytosolic citrate derived from tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA cycle)to acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm.Therefore,ACLY represents a link between mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic de novo lipogenesis.In this study,we developed the small molecule 326E with an enedioic acid structural moiety as a novel ACLY inhibitor,and its CoA-conjugated form 326E-CoA inhibited ACLY activity with an IC_(50)=5.31±1.2μmol/L in vitro.326E treatment reduced de novo lipogenesis,and increased cholesterol efflux in vitro and in vivo.326E was rapidly absorbed after oral administration,exhibited a higher blood exposure than that of the approved ACLY inhibitor bempedoic acid(BA)used for hypercholesterolemia.Chronic 326E treatment in hamsters and rhesus monkeys resulted in remarkable improvement of hyperlipidemia.Once daily oral administration of 326E for 24 weeks prevented the occurrence of atherosclerosis in ApoE^(-/-)mice to a greater extent than that of BA treatment.Taken together,our data suggest that inhibition of ACLY by 326E represents a promising strategy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Plasmonic metafibers electro-optic modulators

Digitalizing optical signals through electric driving signals,electro-optic modulators(EOMs)are one of the cardinal elements in modern optical communications.Most of current EOM devices are targeting on-chip integrations,which routinely suffer from high coupling losses,complex optical alignments and single-band operations.In this study,we for the first time integrate a lumped EOM device on the endfaces of a single-mode optical fiber jumper for fast amplitude modulations.Profiting from ultrathin and high quality-factor plasmonic metasurfaces,nanofabrication-friendly and highly efficient EO polymers and coupling-free connections with fiber networks,our EOM is demonstrated to allow dual-band operations(telecom O band and S band)and high-speed modulations(~1 GHz at a bias voltage of±9 V).This work offers an avenue to‘plug-and-play’implementations of EO devices and ultracompact“all-in-fibers”optical systems for communications,imaging,sensing and many others.