旨在探讨不同灌溉模式对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量与水分利用效率的影响,并阐明其相关生理基础。本研究以甬优1540为材料,设置了3种灌溉模式,即长淹灌溉(continuous flooding,CF)、轻度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and moderate dryin...旨在探讨不同灌溉模式对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量与水分利用效率的影响,并阐明其相关生理基础。本研究以甬优1540为材料,设置了3种灌溉模式,即长淹灌溉(continuous flooding,CF)、轻度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and moderate drying, AWMD)以及重度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and severe drying, AWSD)。研究结果表明,与CF相比, AWMD与AWSD均能显著提高水分利用效率,增幅分别为22.6%~25.6%与18.2%~23.1%;AWMD可以显著提高水稻产量,增幅为8.6%~10.0%,而AWSD则显著降低水稻产量,降幅为6.0%~7.5%。与CF相比, AWMD显著降低了拔节期水稻的茎蘖数、地上部干物质重、叶面积指数、移栽至齐穗期的光合势以及移栽至拔节期的作物生长速率,但显著提高了茎蘖成穗率、拔节至齐穗期的作物生长速率、主要生育期水稻根长密度、深根比、比根长、根系总吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积,以及灌浆后2次土壤复水期的剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系与叶片中玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)含量、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性等指标。以上结果表明, AWMD可以协同提高甬优1540产量与水分利用效率,优化根-冠生长发育特征,提高灌浆期植株生理活性,实现高产与水分高效利用,为本研究最佳水分管理模式。展开更多
旨在探讨施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及其相关生理基础。本研究以浙江省大面积推广应用的籼粳杂交稻品种甬优1540为材料,设置4个施氮量,即全生育期不施用氮肥(N0)、全生育期施用纯氮80 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、160 kg ...旨在探讨施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及其相关生理基础。本研究以浙江省大面积推广应用的籼粳杂交稻品种甬优1540为材料,设置4个施氮量,即全生育期不施用氮肥(N0)、全生育期施用纯氮80 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、160 kg hm^(-2)(N2)以及240 kg hm^(-2)(N3)。研究结果表明,(1)施氮量对水稻产量与氮肥利用效率影响显著。在0~160 kg hm^(-2)范围内,水稻产量随施氮量的增加而增加,产量的增加主要得益于总颖花量的增加;超过此范围产量则不再增加,主要是由于结实率降低,且氮收获指数与氮肥利用效率(氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力以及产谷利用率)也显著降低。(2)施氮量对水稻地上部生长发育影响显著。在0~240 kg hm^(-2)范围内,随着施氮量的增加,拔节期、齐穗期以及成熟期水稻地上部干物重显著增加,但收获指数则显著降低;在0~160 kg hm^(-2)范围内,灌浆中、后期水稻剑叶净光合速率、剑叶中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加,超过此范围则不再增加,甚至会有所降低。(3)施氮量对水稻根系形态生理特征影响显著。在0~160 kg hm^(-2)范围内,拔节期、齐穗期以及成熟期水稻根干重、0~10 cm土层根干重、10~20 cm土层根干重、总根长、根长密度、比根长以及灌浆中、后期水稻根系氧化力、根系与根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度水平等根系形态与生理指标均随施氮量的增加而增加,但进一步将施氮量提高至240 kg hm^(-2)时,上述指标中仅根干重、0~10 cm土层根干重、总根长以及根长密度有所增加。(4)相关分析表明,灌浆期水稻根系氧化力、根系中Z+ZR含量以及根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度与剑叶净光合速率、剑叶中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性呈极显著正相关关系。以上结果表明,适宜的施氮量可以优化甬优1540的根系形态与生理特征,促进地上部生长发育,提高灌浆中、后期植株生理活性,进而实现高产与氮肥高效利用。展开更多
Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in...Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods(continuous flooding(CF), continuous flooding and aeration(CFA), and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)). The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering(S1), heading(S2), and ripening(S3) stages. We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments. AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong. During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase. All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2. Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.展开更多
按需距离矢量路由(Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector,AODV)广泛应用于智能电网;然而传统的AODV容易遭受黑洞攻击。为了检测和避免黑洞攻击,提出基于黑洞攻击检测的AODV路由,记为E-AODV。与传统的AODV路由不同,EAODV路由修改了路由回复(...按需距离矢量路由(Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector,AODV)广泛应用于智能电网;然而传统的AODV容易遭受黑洞攻击。为了检测和避免黑洞攻击,提出基于黑洞攻击检测的AODV路由,记为E-AODV。与传统的AODV路由不同,EAODV路由修改了路由回复(route reply,RREP)系统。E-AODV路由通过比较多个回复的序列号,检测是否存在黑洞攻击。一旦发现黑洞攻击,电表就向目的节点回复一条否定回复消息,进而防止恶意电表不良行为的蔓延。实验数据表明,相比于AODV,E-AODV在数据包传递率、吞吐量方面具有较好的性能。展开更多
为研究晚稻品种在不同播期处理下的产量、生理特征及温光配置情况,探索长江下游地区适宜晚粳稻的品种类型及其适宜播期。以大面积推广的2个籼稻为对照、以7个常规粳稻和3个籼粳杂交稻为材料,在当地晚稻可用播种期内(6月中旬至7月上旬)...为研究晚稻品种在不同播期处理下的产量、生理特征及温光配置情况,探索长江下游地区适宜晚粳稻的品种类型及其适宜播期。以大面积推广的2个籼稻为对照、以7个常规粳稻和3个籼粳杂交稻为材料,在当地晚稻可用播种期内(6月中旬至7月上旬)均匀设置播期[即0 d(Ⅰ)、+T d(Ⅱ)、+2T d(Ⅲ)、+3T d(Ⅳ)、+4T d(Ⅴ)],研究晚稻随播期的推迟在产量、生育期和干物质积累等生理特征上的差异。结果表明,随着播期推迟,籼稻全生育期略有延长,主要源于灌浆期的延长;粳稻随播期推迟,其灌浆期亦有所延长,但由于营养生长期缩短幅度较大,导致全生育期略有缩短;不同晚稻品种类型间,随着播期的推迟,籼粳杂交稻和常规粳稻产量略有波动。其中常规粳稻在5个播期下产量[(8.0±0.5)t hm^(-2)]表现基本平稳,差异不显著;籼粳杂交稻先产量增加后降低,2019年和2020年分别在播期IV和播期Ⅲ达到峰值,最高为11.0 t hm^(-2)和9.1 t hm^(-2);籼稻品种随着播期的推迟产量明显降低。同时,不同品种类型间产量差异随播期推迟逐渐增大,产量差从0.5 t hm^(-2)增大到5.1 t hm^(-2);播期变化对产量构成因子的影响各有不同。随着播期延迟,有效穗数有所增加,每穗粒数和结实率不同程度降低,而千粒重无显著变化;不同播期下主成分分析表明:随着播期推迟,品种特征差异从库源协同性差异,逐渐演化为库源协同性叠加温光资源配置差异,再演变为后期低温耐性差异。综上所述,长江下游稻区晚籼稻应适当早播,充分利用前期温光资源,通过足穗达到高产。相对于籼稻,粳稻拥有较强的播期适应性。在前茬作物收获较晚的情况下,选择籼粳杂交稻品种更具产量保障,而选择最佳播期可使籼粳杂交稻产量最大化。展开更多
文摘旨在探讨不同灌溉模式对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量与水分利用效率的影响,并阐明其相关生理基础。本研究以甬优1540为材料,设置了3种灌溉模式,即长淹灌溉(continuous flooding,CF)、轻度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and moderate drying, AWMD)以及重度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and severe drying, AWSD)。研究结果表明,与CF相比, AWMD与AWSD均能显著提高水分利用效率,增幅分别为22.6%~25.6%与18.2%~23.1%;AWMD可以显著提高水稻产量,增幅为8.6%~10.0%,而AWSD则显著降低水稻产量,降幅为6.0%~7.5%。与CF相比, AWMD显著降低了拔节期水稻的茎蘖数、地上部干物质重、叶面积指数、移栽至齐穗期的光合势以及移栽至拔节期的作物生长速率,但显著提高了茎蘖成穗率、拔节至齐穗期的作物生长速率、主要生育期水稻根长密度、深根比、比根长、根系总吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积,以及灌浆后2次土壤复水期的剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系与叶片中玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)含量、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性等指标。以上结果表明, AWMD可以协同提高甬优1540产量与水分利用效率,优化根-冠生长发育特征,提高灌浆期植株生理活性,实现高产与水分高效利用,为本研究最佳水分管理模式。
文摘旨在探讨施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及其相关生理基础。本研究以浙江省大面积推广应用的籼粳杂交稻品种甬优1540为材料,设置4个施氮量,即全生育期不施用氮肥(N0)、全生育期施用纯氮80 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、160 kg hm^(-2)(N2)以及240 kg hm^(-2)(N3)。研究结果表明,(1)施氮量对水稻产量与氮肥利用效率影响显著。在0~160 kg hm^(-2)范围内,水稻产量随施氮量的增加而增加,产量的增加主要得益于总颖花量的增加;超过此范围产量则不再增加,主要是由于结实率降低,且氮收获指数与氮肥利用效率(氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力以及产谷利用率)也显著降低。(2)施氮量对水稻地上部生长发育影响显著。在0~240 kg hm^(-2)范围内,随着施氮量的增加,拔节期、齐穗期以及成熟期水稻地上部干物重显著增加,但收获指数则显著降低;在0~160 kg hm^(-2)范围内,灌浆中、后期水稻剑叶净光合速率、剑叶中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加,超过此范围则不再增加,甚至会有所降低。(3)施氮量对水稻根系形态生理特征影响显著。在0~160 kg hm^(-2)范围内,拔节期、齐穗期以及成熟期水稻根干重、0~10 cm土层根干重、10~20 cm土层根干重、总根长、根长密度、比根长以及灌浆中、后期水稻根系氧化力、根系与根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度水平等根系形态与生理指标均随施氮量的增加而增加,但进一步将施氮量提高至240 kg hm^(-2)时,上述指标中仅根干重、0~10 cm土层根干重、总根长以及根长密度有所增加。(4)相关分析表明,灌浆期水稻根系氧化力、根系中Z+ZR含量以及根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度与剑叶净光合速率、剑叶中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性呈极显著正相关关系。以上结果表明,适宜的施氮量可以优化甬优1540的根系形态与生理特征,促进地上部生长发育,提高灌浆中、后期植株生理活性,进而实现高产与氮肥高效利用。
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,China(2022C02008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401343)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAASZDRW202001)。
文摘Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods(continuous flooding(CF), continuous flooding and aeration(CFA), and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)). The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering(S1), heading(S2), and ripening(S3) stages. We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments. AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong. During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase. All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2. Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.
文摘为研究晚稻品种在不同播期处理下的产量、生理特征及温光配置情况,探索长江下游地区适宜晚粳稻的品种类型及其适宜播期。以大面积推广的2个籼稻为对照、以7个常规粳稻和3个籼粳杂交稻为材料,在当地晚稻可用播种期内(6月中旬至7月上旬)均匀设置播期[即0 d(Ⅰ)、+T d(Ⅱ)、+2T d(Ⅲ)、+3T d(Ⅳ)、+4T d(Ⅴ)],研究晚稻随播期的推迟在产量、生育期和干物质积累等生理特征上的差异。结果表明,随着播期推迟,籼稻全生育期略有延长,主要源于灌浆期的延长;粳稻随播期推迟,其灌浆期亦有所延长,但由于营养生长期缩短幅度较大,导致全生育期略有缩短;不同晚稻品种类型间,随着播期的推迟,籼粳杂交稻和常规粳稻产量略有波动。其中常规粳稻在5个播期下产量[(8.0±0.5)t hm^(-2)]表现基本平稳,差异不显著;籼粳杂交稻先产量增加后降低,2019年和2020年分别在播期IV和播期Ⅲ达到峰值,最高为11.0 t hm^(-2)和9.1 t hm^(-2);籼稻品种随着播期的推迟产量明显降低。同时,不同品种类型间产量差异随播期推迟逐渐增大,产量差从0.5 t hm^(-2)增大到5.1 t hm^(-2);播期变化对产量构成因子的影响各有不同。随着播期延迟,有效穗数有所增加,每穗粒数和结实率不同程度降低,而千粒重无显著变化;不同播期下主成分分析表明:随着播期推迟,品种特征差异从库源协同性差异,逐渐演化为库源协同性叠加温光资源配置差异,再演变为后期低温耐性差异。综上所述,长江下游稻区晚籼稻应适当早播,充分利用前期温光资源,通过足穗达到高产。相对于籼稻,粳稻拥有较强的播期适应性。在前茬作物收获较晚的情况下,选择籼粳杂交稻品种更具产量保障,而选择最佳播期可使籼粳杂交稻产量最大化。
