肺癌的气腔内播散

2015年,世界卫生组织将肿瘤气腔内播散(spread through air space,STAS)定义为肺腺癌的一种独特的侵袭模式。随后,大量研究报道了其与肺腺癌局部复发及较差预后的相关性。在肺鳞癌、非典型类癌及神经内分泌肺癌等肺癌癌种中亦陆续出现了STAS相关的报道。随着对STAS理解的逐步深入,STAS在肺癌的临床治疗决策制订中的潜在价值也逐渐被发现,但现阶段临床研究者对于STAS发生、发展的机制不明确,缺乏统一定量方法,针对STAS的临床诊疗共识也尚未形成,STAS的临床价值亟待进一步挖掘。现对STAS在肺癌领域中已有的研究进行分析,阐述STAS与患者预后间的联系,梳理STAS的临床判读、定量方法、形成的分子机制,并对该领域的热点问题及发展方向进行展望。

α-MnO_2 hollow clews for rechargeable Li-air batteries with improved cyclability

Lithium-air(Li-air) batteries have attracted worldwide attention due to their high energy density(11140 Wh kg-1) comparable to gasoline.In this work,we have synthesized the α-MnO2 hollow clews via a simple method and characterized them by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.Interestingly,cycle performance of Li-air batteries is improved greatly when using the α-MnO2 hollow clews as the catalyst.The first discharge capacity is 596 mAh g-1,and the charge capacity is 590 mAh g-1 at the current density of 0.1 mA cm-2 between 2.0 and 4.2 V using the Vulcan XC-72 as the carbon material.Additionally,by re-assembling new batteries with the used lithium foil,separators and cathode separately,we find that the cathode is the key role to end the Li-air battery life.

Facile Route to Constructing Ternary Nanoalloy Bifunctional Oxyegn Cathode for Metal-Air Batteries

Highly stable and efficient bifunctional air cathode catalyst is crucial to rechargeable metal-air batteries.Herein,a ternary nanoalloy layer composed of noble and base metal coated on a three-dimensional porous Ni sponge as the bifunctional cathode is synthesized through in-situ anchoring strategy,which can effectively keep the multimetal nanoparticles from agglomeration and improve the density of active sites and catalytic activity.The prepared catalyst displays an excellent catalytic performance with lower overpotential and long-term stability.The Zn-air batteries with the as-prepared cathodes possess a large power density of 170 mW/cm2,long cycling stability up to 230 cycles,and a high specific capacity of 771 mA h/g.Furthermore,the corresponding Li-air batteries deliver a discharge capacity of 22429 mA h/g.These superior properties of the metal-air batteries can be attributed to the combined influence of design and composition of electrode,which is of great significance to improve the electrochemical catalytic activity,providing great potential of wide application in expanded rechargeable energy systems.

Nature-inspired Three-dimensional Au/Spinach as a Binder-free and Self-standing Cathode for High-performance Li-O_(2) Batteries

Design and fabrication of functional porous air cathode materials with superior catalytic activity is still the key point for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen(Li-O2) batteries. Herein, inspired by the self-standing three-dimensional(3D) structure of the natural spinach leaves, a unique binder-free and self-standing porous Au/spinach cathode for high-performance Li-O2 batteries has been developed. The carbonized spinach leaves serve as a superconductive current collector and an ideal porous host for accommodating catalysts. The Au/spinach cathode could offer enough spaces for accommodating the discharge products, shorten the distance of the oxygen and electrolyte diffusion, and promote the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes. This optimized Au/spinach cathode achieved a high specific area capacity of 7.23 mA‧h/cm2 at a current density of 0.05 mA/cm2 and exhibited excellent stability(280 cycles at 0.05 mA/cm2 with a fixed capacity of 0.2 mA‧h/cm2). The superior performance encourages the construction of more advanced cathode architectures by the use of bio-composites for Li-O2 batteries.

Strategies with Functional Materials in Tackling Instability Challenges of Non-aqueous Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

The instabilities of the battery including cathode corrosion/passivation,shuttling effect of the redox mediators,Li anode corrosion,and electrolyte decomposition are major barriers toward the practical implementation of lithium-oxygen(Li-O2)batteries.Functional materials offer great potential in high performance Li-O2 batteries owing to their functional tailorability of chemical modification for alleviating side reactions and improving catalysis activity,well-defined properties for discharge products storage,and fast mass and electron transfer paths.In this review,instability problems of non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries and recent studies related to the functional materials in tackling the instability issues from rational cathode construction,inhibition of redox mediators(RMs)shuttling,anode protection and novel electrolyte design are illustrated.Future research directions to overcome the critical issues are also proposed for this promising battery technology.The instability issues and the related strategies with functional materials based on the comprehensive consideration of all battery components proposed in this review provide the systematic,deep understanding and rational design of functional materials for Li-O2 batteries,which is beneficial to achieving the practical Li-O2 batteries.