藏东南波堆藏布江谷地古冰碛堰塞湖初步研究

藏东南作为青藏高原内外动力作用最强烈的地区之一,是河流堰塞-溃决洪水链式灾害频发地区。研究该区域古堰塞湖的形成与演化,对认识、评估灾害风险具有重要意义。研究结果表明,波堆藏布江谷地保存有一套湖相沉积地层,通过地貌填图和光释光测年等手段,并结合前人研究成果,推测海因里希事件1(H1)以来波堆藏布江谷地可能发生了一期古堰塞湖事件。该古堰塞湖可能是由波堆藏布江侧蚀白玉沟沟口冰碛垄,致使冰碛物滑塌并阻江形成的,古湖的最大湖面面积约为18.8 km^(2),库容蓄水量约为0.13 km^(3)。该古堰塞湖的形成时间可能介于H1~10 ka之间,其溃决时间可能在~6 ka之后,后期河流溯源侵蚀及下切作用形成了多级以湖相地层为基座的阶地。

藏东南波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期冰川重建

“古乡冰期”是青藏高原第四纪冰川作用中最具代表性的冰期之一,指代的是倒数第二次冰期,其命名依据来源于藏东南波堆藏布江谷地、保存于古乡一带的终碛-侧碛垄,已有的宇宙成因核素10Be暴露测年结果显示其发生于海洋氧同位素阶段(MIS)6。然而,古乡冰期时波堆藏布江流域冰川作用范围、冰量及平衡线高度(ELA)等关键信息,仍有待进一步研究。结合冰川地貌野外考察、高清遥感影像/卫星照片及绝对数值年龄,对波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期时的冰川作用范围进行了重建,在此基础上结合数字高程模型,运用冰面纵剖面模型对波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期时古冰川进行了数值模拟。结果显示:古乡冰期时流域内冰川的平均厚度约360 m,冰川总面积为2648 km^(2),体积约为953 km^(3),流域内的冰川覆盖率由古乡冰期时的63%缩减至现在的22.4%。此外,运用积累区面积比率(AAR)法和末端-源头高度比率(THAR)法对波堆藏布江流域现代和古乡冰期时的冰川平衡线高度进行了估算。其中,现代冰川ELA为4455 m,基于反距离加权法插值的古冰面高程计算出古乡冰期时ELA为3871 m,比现代ELA低了584 m,古冰川ELA估算结果与前人结果基本一致。

西藏东南部末次冰期早阶段冰川作用及其古气候意义

西藏东南部的“古乡冰期”和“白玉冰期”是划分中国第四纪冰期的蓝本。其中,白玉冰期即末次冰期,分为早阶段和晚阶段,相对应的冰川沉积广泛分布于本区的波堆藏布谷地。已有的冰川数值年代结果显示,末次冰期晚阶段的冰川作用发生于海洋氧同位素阶段(MIS)2。然而,关于早阶段的冰进记录,目前却未有确切的年代学证据,此次冰川作用究竟发生于MIS 4还是MIS 3,是一个悬而未决的问题。在前人研究及野外地貌调查的基础上,运用光释光测年手段对波堆藏布谷地疑似形成于末次冰期早阶段的冰碛垄进行测年,年代结果介于(56.4±4.2)~(65.9±3.9)ka之间,相当于MIS 4。藏东南地区MIS 4冰期冰川作用年代与青藏高原及其周边山地具有可比性,表明该阶段冰川作用发生的普遍性。通过对比北半球低纬度地区夏季太阳辐射及亚洲季风区古气温与古降水指标记录,认为藏东南地区MIS 4冰期冰川作用可能是对北半球低纬度地区夏季太阳辐射减弱及气温下降的响应,与季风降水无关。

1987—2016年雀儿山冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应

深入了解全球变暖背景下青藏高原东南部海洋型冰川的变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应,对认识不同类型冰川对气候变化的响应方式有重要意义。根据Landsat系列遥感影像和数字高程等数据提取了青藏高原东南部雀儿山地区1987—2016年期间多年的冰川边界,并对其变化过程和特征进行了分析。结果表明:1987—2016年雀儿山地区冰川面积持续减小,变化率为(-1.69±0.87)%·a^(-1),为青藏高原众多山系中变化最大的之一。研究区冰川消融主要发生在规模<1km2的小型冰川及海拔5200m以下的冰川消融区,其中西南方向的冰川退缩速率最大。气象数据分析结果显示,1987—2016年雀儿山地区夏季平均气温总体上升了1.58℃,平均升温速率为0.33℃·(10a)^(-1)。由于夏季平均气温与冰川变化过程有显著的相关性,而同期年降水量无明显变化,由此推测,夏季平均气温的上升是雀儿山地区冰川快速退缩的主因。此外,相对于单纯基于光谱特征提取冰川信息,结合地形阴影模拟数据进行遥感冰川分类在一定程度上可以提高分类精度。

The sedimentary source, planform stability and shore normal morphological change of the Xichong beach on the southern coast of the Dapeng Peninsula of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China

The coast of the Dapeng Peninsula has been honored as one of “the eight most beautiful coasts in China”. The most precious tourism resource for the peninsula is headland bay beaches, among which the beach at Xichong on the southern coast of the peninsula is the longest and the most important one. The information of the stability, sedimentary source and shape change of the beach is very important for maintaining the beach in terms of sustainable development of the peninsula. Heavy minerals in the sand of the beach and the inland stream at Xichong are compared with those of a nearby beach on the same coast to determine the beach sand source; with help of a computer software, MEPBAY, the equilibrium planforms of the beaches on the peninsula are compared with those of an island without rivers to evaluate the stream＇s effects on the beach stability; cross shore profiles along the Xichong beach are also surveyed in different seasons of a year to assess the annual shore normal beach changes affected by the stream input, and the relation between the equilibrium planform state and cross shore changes of the beach. It is shown that （1） stream is the main sedimentary source of the beach and the weathering materials of the rocky headlands on both sides of the bay transported by waves are the second source for the beach but it is limited, sand from an inner shelf is not the sedimentary source for the beach at present and was not even during the Holocene transgression; （2） the Xichong beach cannot reach static equilibrium around the entire bay shoreline, the segment of the shore-line where a stream outlet is located is in dynamic equilibrium, and the unstable section occurs in the wave shadow region in the lee of an offshore island; （3） no matter whether the section of the beach shoreline at Xichong is in an equilibrium state or not, it is eroded in the typhoon season and recovered after the season, the maximum change in erosion and accretion occurs in the unstable segment; （4） the Xichong beach can only have small sand body since it is supplied with sand mainly form inland streams, resulting in a possible danger in which sand loss induced by human activities or huge storms cannot be replenished naturally.

第四纪冰冻圈――全球变化长尺度研究

第四纪是以大冰期为标志的最新地质历史时期。这个大冰期的基本特征是轨道尺度的冰期-间冰期交替及亚轨道尺度的冰阶-间冰阶变化。现在是比较温暖的间冰期,冰川只覆盖陆地面积的10%。而在冰期最盛时,冰川覆盖全球陆地面积的30%,冻土扩展,气候干旱,风沙盛行,海平面降低130—150 m,植被向低纬度收缩10o以上,垂直带谱下移1000 m以上。冰期天文理论成功解释了冰期-间冰期循环周期问题,但还存在诸多挑战。第四纪也是古人类向现代人发展的时期。古人类诞生于东非,约200万年前曾向欧亚大陆有限扩散,但一直到了末次间冰期才大规模扩散;尤其在随后的末次冰期中,人类更是借助于大陆桥扩散到美洲和澳洲。新仙女木事件后,气候变暖,人类进入细石器时代并逐渐过渡到农业社会。工业革命开始,人类发展深刻影响到了地球的自然进程,导致全球变暖,预示着一个“人类纪”的到来。

Cosmogenic ^(10)Be dating of Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations

Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations are two previously recognized local glaciations of the Tibetan Plateau. They have been widely used as the reference standard for classifying Late Quaternary glaciations on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountains. However, the numerical chronologies of both glaciations have been lacking. In this study, cosmogenic 10Be dating was undertaken to define the timing of these two glaciations. The surface boulders deposited by the glaciers of the Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations have exposure ages of 112.9±16.7―136.5±15.8 ka BP and 11.1±1.9―18.5±2.2 ka BP, respectively. It is likely that the Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations correspond to marine isotope stages 6 and 2, respectively.