不同改良剂对酸性烟田的改良效果及其对烤烟生长的影响

为比较不同改良剂的烟田应用效果,本研究通过田间试验探究了碱渣、牡蛎粉和石灰3种改良剂对酸性烟田土壤酸度、烤烟产量与品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂施用均有效提高土壤pH,降低交换性酸和可溶性铝(Al)的含量,提升土壤交换性盐基阳离子含量。碱渣对土壤酸度的改良效果最佳,可使土壤pH提高0.38个单位,交换性酸和可溶性Al含量降低90.9%和39.8%。同时,碱渣处理中土壤交换性Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)含量分别增加了72.8%和91.9%。随着土壤性质的改善,3种改良剂均促进了烤烟的生长,提升了烟叶产量与内在品质。3种改良剂使烟叶产量增加6.0%~9.5%,上等烟比例提高4.0%~16.9%,产值增加11.7%~19.5%,净增收益增加4593.00~9270.30元/hm^(2),其中碱渣的增产增收幅度最大。此外,改良剂的施用优化了烤烟化学成分组成,其中牡蛎粉处理烟叶的品质最佳。总体看,利用碱渣改良酸性烟田具有广泛的应用前景,但在实际应用中,需注意控制碱渣Na和Cl元素含量。

武陵秦巴山区不同母质植烟土壤抗酸化性能研究

为探究武陵秦巴山区烟田土壤的抗酸化性能及其影响因素,分别采集区域典型母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤,比较不同母质发育土壤的酸缓冲容量差异,结合模拟酸化实验对不同土壤的潜在酸化风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,土壤初始pH和母质类型均显著影响土壤酸缓冲容量大小。除硅质岩发育黄棕壤外,酸性土壤的酸缓冲容量较相同母质发育的中性土壤低22%~81%。在中性土壤中,碳酸盐类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤含有较多碳酸盐,酸缓冲容量分别较硅质岩类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤高44%和16%。酸性黄棕壤和黄壤则呈相反趋势。模拟酸化结果表明,酸缓冲容量较高的土壤,在外源酸输入时,土壤pH下降较为缓慢,土壤溶液铝和交换性铝增幅相对较小,潜在酸化风险较低。12种供试土壤中,泥质岩发育的酸性黄棕壤酸缓冲容量最低,仅为11.79 mmol·pH^(-1)·kg^(-1),对外源酸极度敏感,潜在酸化风险最高。在武陵秦巴山区不同母质发育土壤中,需重点关注泥质岩发育黄棕壤酸度的变化,并采取有效措施增强其抗酸化性能,降低土壤酸化风险。

铁铝氧化物–层状硅酸盐矿物互作对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)吸附的影响

以高岭石、蒙脱土、针铁矿和三水铝石4种单一典型土壤矿物以及针铁矿–蒙脱石和三水铝石–蒙脱石(质量比为1∶1)两种代表性土壤矿物复合体为吸附材料,采用吸附平衡试验、能谱分析(EDS)、红外光谱、扫描电镜、酸碱滴定和zeta电位测定等方法,研究了铁铝氧化物与层状硅酸盐矿物之间的相互作用对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)吸附的影响及其机制。吸附平衡试验和EDS分析结果表明,两种复合体对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量均小于其两种组成矿物单一体系吸附量的平均值,即铁铝氧化物与蒙脱石的互作降低了这些氧化物对Cr()Ⅵ和As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力。表面性质表征结果表明,与蒙脱石复合后,针铁矿与三水铝石表面的正电荷均被完全中和,电荷符号发生反转。与理论值相比,三水铝石–蒙脱石复合体的表面位点总浓度无明显变化,比表面积减小;针铁矿–蒙脱石复合体的比表面积与理论值无明显差异,但矿物表面位点浓度减小,表面羟基红外吸收峰强度减弱。氧化物与层状硅酸盐矿物互作改变了矿物表面性质,这可能是导致氧化物对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力降低的主要原因。因此,当评估污染元素在土壤中的有效性时,应当考虑土壤固相组分间的互作对离子吸附的影响。

生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系

为研究生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系,通过厌氧热解的方法于300、500和700℃下制备了玉米秸秆炭。考察了热解温度对玉米秸秆炭水溶性、交换性和盐基总量的影响。采用室内培养的方法考察了添加玉米秸秆炭对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明:热解温度影响玉米秸秆炭各形态盐基离子含量,玉米秸秆炭总K、总Na、总Ca、总Mg、水溶性K、水溶性Na、水溶性Ca、交换性Ca和交换性Mg含量随热解温度升高显著增加;水溶性Mg和交换性K含量随热解温度升高先增加后下降。玉米秸秆炭中的K和Na主要以水溶态存在,约40%的Ca和30%的Mg以交换态存在,约50%的Ca和70%的Mg以其他形态(主要为难溶态)存在。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高酸性土壤pH和降低土壤交换性Al3+含量,提高和降低幅度随热解温度升高极显著增加。总K+总Na+总Ca+总Mg含量可以作为衡量玉米秸秆炭提高酸性土壤pH能力的间接指标。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高土壤交换性K、Na和Mg含量,能显著提高交换性Ca和总盐基离子含量。玉米秸秆炭总K和总Na含量是提高土壤交换性K和Na含量的决定因素,交换性Ca含量在提高土壤交换性Mg和交换性盐基总量中起决定作用。

测量模拟土体zeta电位的简易流动电位装置及其使用方法

本文展示了一款可应用于土壤学领域研究的简易流动电位测量装置。为验证该装置的可行性,采用石英砂和包铁石英砂模拟土体所具有的多孔结构和表面电荷特征,基于流动电位法测量了石英砂在不同浓度(0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0 mmol·L^(-1))NaCl溶液中的zeta电位和石英砂与包铁石英砂在不同pH(4.4、5.2、6.1、6.6、6.9、7.7和8.0)电解质溶液中的zeta电位。同时采用电泳法测量了石英砂胶体在不同pH电解质溶液的zeta电位以作比较。结果表明:在考虑表面电导时,流动电位法测得石英砂在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的zeta电位随溶液浓度的升高逐渐往正值方向移动。这是由于随着离子强度增加,石英砂的双电层厚度受到压缩,zeta电位的绝对值逐渐降低;相同离子强度下,随溶液pH升高,石英砂和包铁石英砂表面官能团发生去质子化作用,流动电位法测得石英砂和包铁石英砂的zeta电位均随pH升高而逐渐降低;由于电荷屏蔽作用,在带负电荷的石英砂表面包被带正电荷的氢氧化铁后,流动电位法测得包铁石英砂的等电点pH(IEP)介于石英砂和氢氧化铁的IEP。此外,流动电位法测得的石英砂颗粒在不同pH电解质溶液中的zeta电位与电泳法测得的石英砂胶体在不同pH电解质溶液中的zeta电位具有较好的一致性。可见采用自制流动电位装置所获结果均与理论预测及常规电泳法测定结果相符,准确度较高。自制流动电位装置结构简单、操作方便、加工制造容易。该装置可被土壤学领域的研究者借鉴参考,以望为土壤电化学研究工作做出贡献。

新时代土壤化学前沿进展与展望

土壤化学是重要的土壤学基础分支学科。在回顾了土壤化学发展历程的基础上,梳理了土壤化学的四个前沿交叉方向,并展望了土壤化学与其他相关学科的交叉发展趋势,以期寻求新的学科增长点。土壤化学经历了从恒电荷到可变电荷土壤学说演变,我国在土壤电化学、根际土壤化学、土壤化学-物理-微生物界面反应等方向逐步领跑。新时代中国已经发展成为国际土壤化学的研究中心之一,尤其在土壤化学与微生物学、地球化学、矿物学、环境化学等交叉领域取得了突破性发展。同时,发展并运用同步辐射、微流控联用光谱能谱、高分辨显微镜、光谱电化学等实时、原位、高精度研究方法,推动土壤化学研究取得了长足的进步。新时代的土壤化学具有三个重要发展趋势,首先系统揭示地球表层系统中物质循环与能量交换的土壤化学机制,实现“0到1”的土壤化学原创性成果的突破;其次需要综合运用地球表层系统理论,从多界面、多要素、多过程的“三多”交互耦合;再次,需要加强与地球宜居性这一人类重大命题的交叉融合,为生态文明建设、土壤污染防治攻坚战、全球变化等国家重大需求提供理论支持。

茶多酚和铜对可变电荷土壤钙镁释放的影响

通过批平衡试验,研究茶多酚、铜和体系pH对可变电荷土壤释放钙镁离子的影响。研究发现,铜离子初始浓度为2.0 mmol/L,最终体系pH为5.0时,随着茶多酚添加量的增加,可变电荷土壤表面的负电荷增加,土壤表面释放的钙镁离子量减少。茶多酚初始添加量为20 g/kg,最终体系pH为5.0时,随着铜离子初始浓度的升高,可变电荷土壤对铜离子的吸附量增加,铜离子通过与钙镁离子发生离子交换,形成对吸附位点的竞争,从而增加钙镁离子的释放。茶多酚初始添加量为20 g/kg,铜离子浓度为2.0mmol/L,随着pH的升高,可变电荷土壤钙镁离子释放量下降。在相同pH条件下,茶多酚可以通过自身的吸附增加可变电荷土壤表面负电荷,减少可变电荷土壤钙镁离子的释放量。研究结果可为茶园土壤酸化和污染控制提供参考。

不同地区油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对酸性红壤的改良效果

从江西鹰潭、安徽宣城、江苏南京和淮阴等4个地区收集油菜秸秆,在500℃下厌氧热解制备生物质炭,比较生物质炭的pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量的差异,并在20 g/kg加入量下考察其对安徽宣城pH 4.1的酸性红壤改良效果。结果表明,江西鹰潭油菜秸秆炭pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量最低,安徽宣城油菜秸秆炭次之,江苏淮阴和南京油菜秸秆炭的相应参数值最高。当用这4种油菜秸秆炭改良土壤酸度时,改良效果表现为江苏淮阴>江苏南京>安徽宣城>江西鹰潭,与生物质炭pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量一致。因此,利用秸秆生物质炭改良土壤酸度时,不仅需要考虑炭化条件和秸秆类型,作物的产地差异也需要进行考量。

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite （As（HI）） and arsenate （As（V）） on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at different ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As（HI） adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostatic attraction under the acidic condition. Moreover, intersects of As（Ⅴ） adsorption-pH curves at different ionic strengths （a characteristic pH） are obtained for both soils. It was noted that above this pH, the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） was increased with increasing ionic strength, whereas below it the reverse trend was true. Precisely the intersect pH was 3.6 for Haplic Acrisol and 4.5 for Rhodic Ferralsol, which was near the values of PZSE （soil point of zero salt effect） of these soils. The effects of ionic strength and pH on arsenate adsorption by these soils were interpreted by the adsorption model. The results of zeta potential suggested that the potential in adsorption plane becomes less negative with increasing ionic strength above soil PZSE and decreases with increasing ionic strength below soil PZSE. These results further supported the hypothesis of the adsorption model that the potential in the adsorption plane changes with ionic strength with an opposite trend to surface charge of the soils. Therefore, the change of the potential in the adsorption plane was mainly responsible for the change of arsenate adsorption induced by ionic strength on variable charge soils.

红壤退化与修复长期研究促进东南丘陵区生态循环农业发展

我国东南红壤丘陵区面临侵蚀、酸化、肥力衰减、重金属污染、季节性干旱等退化问题,造成红壤生态系统退化和土地生产力下降,制约了区域农业的可持续发展。1985年鹰潭红壤生态实验站建站以来,系统开展了红壤生态系统的长期观测和生态学基础研究,以及红壤退化与修复、耕地地力演变与提升、红壤养分循环与高效利用、红壤污染与治理、红壤生态农业模式与区域发展战略等方面的应用研究和示范推广。在红壤发生方面,发现现代脱硅富铝化过程仍在继续,小流域土壤自然酸化速率较低;针对红壤农业利用中的加速酸化,研发了抑制质子产生和提升土壤抗酸化能力的新方法,挖掘了红壤区新的耐铝植物资源,揭示了植物耐铝的分子生物学机制;建立了红壤区土壤侵蚀多尺度监测方法,编制了土壤可蚀性因子分布图,查明了红壤侵蚀演变和崩岗发育机制,建立了侵蚀红壤的开发性治理模式;探明了红壤区季节性干旱发生规律,揭示了红壤孔隙形成机制以及不同尺度的水文通量,研发了农田水分高精度远程数据采集系统,建立了低丘红壤区高效节水农业模式;建立了土壤-农作物系统重金属和稀土元素迁移预测模型,提出了红壤和水稻土安全阈值,集成了红壤重金属污染治理技术模式;查明了南方红壤地力和养分平衡的演变状况,揭示了红壤碳氮转化生物网络的驱动机制,提出红壤大团聚体生物培肥技术;创建了江西省耕地保育与持续高效的现代农业技术体系,发展了红壤小流域"山水林田湖草"生态循环农业模式,为红壤区耕地质量建设、生态环境保护和新一代生态循环农业的发展作出了重要贡献。

Rice Straw-Derived Biochar Properties and Functions as Cu(Ⅱ) and Cyromazine Sorbents as Influenced by Pyrolysis Temperature

In this study, biochars from rice straw(Oryza sativa L.) were prepared at 200–600?C by oxygen-limited pyrolysis to investigate the changes in properties of rice straw biochars produced at different temperatures, and to examine the adsorption capacities of the biochars for a heavy metal, copper(Ⅱ)(Cu(Ⅱ)), and an organic insecticide of cyromazine, as well as to further reveal the adsorption mechanisms.The results obtained with batch experiments showed that the amount of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorbed varied with the pyrolysis temperatures of rice straw biochar. The biochar produced at 400?C had the largest adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ)(0.37 mol kg-1) among the biochars,with the non-electrostatic adsorption as the main adsorption mechanism. The highest adsorption capacity for cyromazine(156.42 g kg-1) was found in the rice straw biochar produced at 600?C, and cyromazine adsorption was exclusively predominated by surface adsorption. An obvious competitive adsorption was found between 5 mmol L-1Cu(II) and 2 g L-1cyromazine when they were in the binary solute system. Biochar may be used to remediate heavy metal- and organic insecticide-contaminated water, while the pyrolysis temperature of feedstocks for producing biochar should be considered for the restoration of multi-contamination.

Aluminum-Enhanced Proton Release Associated with Plasma Membrane H^+-Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity and Excess Cation Uptake in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plant Roots

Cultivated tea(Camellia sinensis) plants acidify the rhizosphere, and Aluminum(Al) toxicity is recognized as a major limiting factor for plant growth in acidic soils. However, the mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere acidification associated with Al have not been fully elucidated. The present study examined the effect of Al on root-induced rhizosphere acidification, plasma membrane H^+-adenosine triphosphatase(H^+-ATPase) activity, and cation-anion balance in tea plant roots. The exudation of H^+from tea plant roots with or without Al treatment was visualized using an agar sheet with bromocresol purple. The H^+-ATPase activity of plasma membranes isolated from the roots was measured after hydrolysis using the two-phase partition system. The Al treatment strongly enhanced the exudation of H^+, and the acidification of tea plant roots by Al was closely associated with plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity. The root plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity increased with Al concentration. The Al content, amount of protons released, and H^+-ATPase activity were significantly higher in roots treated with Al than in those untreated. The results of the cation-anion balance in roots showed an excess of cations relative to anions, with the amount of excess cation uptake increasing with increasing Al concentrations. These suggest that Al-enhanced proton release is associated with plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity and excess cation uptake. Findings of this study would provide insights into the contributing factors of soil acidification in tea plantations.

Distribution of Manganese(Ⅱ) Chemical Forms on Soybean Roots and Manganese(Ⅱ) Toxicity

Distribution of chemical forms of manganese(Ⅱ)(Mn(Ⅱ))on plant roots may affect Mn(Ⅱ)absorption by plants and toxicity of Mn(Ⅱ)to plants at its high level.The chemical forms of Mn(Ⅱ)on soybean roots were investigated to determine the main factors that affect their distribution and relationship with Mn(Ⅱ)plant toxicity.Fresh soybean roots were reacted with Mn(Ⅱ)in solutions,and Mn(Ⅱ)adsorbed on the roots was differentiated into exchangeable,complexed,and precipitated forms through sequential extraction with KNO3,EDTA,and HCl.The exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content on the roots was the highest,followed by the complexed and precipitated Mn(Ⅱ)contents.Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to the roots was greater at pH 5.5 than at pH 4.2 due to the larger amount of exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)at higher pH.The cations Al3+,La3+,Ca2+,Mg2+,and NH4+competed with Mn(Ⅱ)for cation exchange sites on the root surfaces and thus reduced exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots,in the order Al3+,La3+>Ca2+,Mg2+>NH4+.Al3+ and La3+ at 100μmol L-1 decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 80%and 79%,respectively,and Ca2+ and Mg2+at 1 mmol L-1 decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 51%and 73%,respectively.Organic anions oxalate,citrate,and malate reduced free Mn(Ⅱ)concentration in solution through formation of complexes with Mn(Ⅱ),efficiently decreasing exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots;the decreases in exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots were 30.9%,19.7%,and 10.9%,respectively,which was consistent with the complexing ability of these organic anions with Mn(Ⅱ).Thus,exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)was the dominant form of Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots and responsible for Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants.The coexisting cations and organic anions reduced the exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content,and thus they could alleviate Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants on acid soils.