Integrating host biological and ecological variables to predict probability of haemosporidian infection in raptors

Variations in host traits that influence their exposure and susceptibility may impact probability of vector-transmitted diseases.Therefore,identifying the predictors of infection probability is necessary to understand the risk of disease outbreaks during expanding environmental perturbation.Here,we conducted a large survey based on microscopic examination and molecular analysis of haemosporidian parasite infection in raptors rescued at the Beijing Raptor Rescue Centre.Combining these data with biological and ecological variables of the raptors,we determined predictors that affect the probability of haemosporidian infection using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference.Our results showed that infection probability exhibited considerable variation across host species in raptors,and body mass,sex,and evolutionary history played relatively weaker roles in driving infection probability.Instead,activity pattern,age,geographic range size,migration distance,and nest type were important predictors of the probability of haemosporidian infection,and the role of each predictor differed in the three main haemosporidian genera(Plasmodium,Haemoproteus,and Leucocytozoon).This macro-ecological analysis will add to our understanding of host traits that influence the probability of avian haemosporidian infection and will help inform risk of emerging diseases.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Stroke in Inpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China

Objective The prevalence and the cluster characteristics of risk factors of stroke were assessed in a Chinese diabetic population.Methods Clinical data of 30693 inpatients who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and admitted between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.The age-standardized prevalence of stroke was estimated using the 2010 Chinese population census data,and risk factors were analyzed by multiple imputation and regression.Results The crude and standardized prevalence rates of stroke in patients with T2DM were 34.4%and 21.5%,respectively,and 85.2%of the stroke patients had ischemic stroke.Nearly half of the patients who experienced stroke had clusters of more than 4 risk factors.Compared with no-risk-factor clustering,the risk of stroke significantly increased 3-4 times in the presence of more than 4 risk-factor clusters(P<0.001).Hypertension was the most common major risk factor for ischemic stroke[odds ratio(OR),2.34;95%confidence interval(CI),2.18-2.50]and hemorrhagic stroke(OR,3.68;95%CI 2.95-4.59;P<0.001).Moreover,a 1-standard-deviation increase in fasting blood glucose(FBG)was significantly negatively correlated with ischemic stroke risk,and the same change in FBG was significantly associated with an 8%increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.Conclusion The prevalence of stroke in patients with T2DM is rather high,and the clustering of risk factors is associated with the development of stroke in T2DM patients.Risk factors differ in different stroke subtypes.Identifying risk factors for a specific high-risk group is necessary.

The Applications of Mitoxantrone and Its Liposome in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a rapidly progressing hematopoietic malignancy, can only be cured hopefully by hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT). Before HSCT, we usually exert effects by attempting certain regimens to induce these tumor cells to death. Administered in AML patients, the classic “3 + 7” intensive induction regimen including anthracyclines and cytarabine is recommended by guidelines worldwide. However, conventional regimens consist of anthracyclines, a category of drug limited by cumulative, dose-related, progressive myocardial damage and congestive heart failure occurs when its total doses break through the cut-off. Based on this background, mitoxantrone (MIT), an anthraquinone, was developed to a new form to reduce cardiotoxicity. Meanwhile, the nanomedicine, mitoxantrone liposome (Lipo-MIT), was characterized by improved bioavailability and limited toxicity. This drug has great therapeutic potential, but different side effects. We conclude the overall history and development of MIT and Lipo-MIT, which show controversial efficacy of MIT compared to doxorubicin and therapeutic potential of Lipo-MIT. This article reviewed the application of MIT and liposome forms in adult AML patients. .

Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Normalization in Tilia miqueliana Maxim

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)is a rapid and effective approach toward detecting the expression patterns of target genes.The selection of a stable reference gene under specific test condition is essential for expressing levels of target genes accurately.Tilia miqueliana,considered endangered,is a prominent native ornamental and honey tree in East China.No study has evaluated the optimal endogenous reference gene for qRT-PCR analysis in T.miqueliana systematically.In this study,fifteen commonly used reference genes were selected as candidate genes,and the stabilities of their expressions were assessed using four algorithms(GeNorm,NormFiner,BestKeeper,and DeltaCt)in nine experimental datasets.The final integrated evaluation was performed using a comprehensive analysis algorithm(RefFinder).Finally,a target MYB transcription factor gene(TmMYB)was used to verify the accuracy of the candidate reference genes.The results showed that PP2αwas the most stable in tissue set,while RPS13 and SAMCD were optimal for heat and cold stress,respectively.Under waterlogging stress,PP2αand TUB were the most stable genes in the leaves and roots,respectively.EF1αand PP2αwere optimal for drying stress in leaf and root tissues.TUB and ACT7 were the most stable genes in the leaf and root tissues under salt stress.This is the first systematic evaluation of candidate reference genes in T.miqueliana,and it will benefit future studies on expression and functional analysis of target genes in T.miqueliana.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone-based bioink:influence of bioink properties on printing performance and cell proliferation during inkjet-based bioprinting

Among the different bioprinting techniques,the drop-on-demand(DOD)jetting-based bioprinting approach facilitates contactless deposition of pico/nanoliter droplets ofmaterials and cells for optimal cell–matrix and cell–cell interactions.Although bioinks play a critical role in the bioprinting process,there is a poor understanding of the influence of bioink properties on printing performance(such as filament elongation,formation of satellite droplets,and droplet splashing)and cell health(cell viability and proliferation)during the DOD jetting-based bioprinting process.An inert polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP360,molecular weight=360 kDa)polymerwas used in this study to manipulate the physical properties of the bioinks and investigate the influence of bioink properties on printing performance and cell health.Our experimental results showed that a higher bioink viscoelasticity helps to stabilize droplet filaments before rupturing from the nozzle orifice.The highly stretched droplet filament resulted in the formation of highly aligned“satellite droplets,”which minimized the displacement of the satellite droplets away from the predefined positions.Next,a significant increase in the bioink viscosity facilitated droplet deposition on the wetted substrate surface in the absence of splashing and significantly improved the accuracy of the deposited main droplet.Further analysis showed that cell-laden bioinks with higher viscosity exhibited higher measured average cell viability(%),as the presence of polymer within the printed droplets provides an additional cushioning effect(higher energy dissipation)for the encapsulated cells during droplet impact on the substrate surface,improves the measured average cell viability even at higher droplet impact velocity and retains the proliferation capability of the printed cells.Understanding the influence of bioink properties(e.g.,bioink viscoelasticity and viscosity)on printing performance and cell proliferation is important for the formulation of new bioinks,and we have demonstrated precise DOD deposition of living cells and fabrication of tunable cell spheroids(nL–μL range)using multiple types of cells in a facile manner.

Gravitational Wave Radiation from Newborn Accreting Magnetars

The observed electromagnetic radiation from some long and short gamma-ray bursts,and neutron stars(NSs),and the theoretical models proposed to interpret these observations together point to a very interesting but confusing problem,namely,whether fall-back accretion could lead to dipole field decay of newborn NSs.In this paper,we investigate the gravitational wave(GW) radiation of newborn magnetars with a fall-back disk formed in both the core-collapse of massive stars and the merger of binary NSs.We make a comparison of the results obtained with and without fall-back accretion-induced dipole-field decay(FADD) involved.Depending on the fall-back parameters,initial parameters of newborn magnetars,and models used to describe FADD,FADD may indeed occur in newborn magnetars.Because of the low dipole fields caused by FADD,the newborn magnetars will be spun up to higher frequencies and have larger masses in comparison with the non-decay cases.Thus the GW radiation of newborn accreting magnetars would be remarkably enhanced.We propose that observation of GW signals from newborn magnetars using future GW detectors may help to reveal whether FADD could occur in newborn accreting magnetars.Our model is also applied to the discussion of the remnant of GW170817.From the post-merger GW searching results of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo we cannot confirm the remnant is a low-dipole-field long-lived NS.Future detection of GWs from GW170817-like events using more sensitive detectors may help to clarify the FADD puzzle.

Role of Iron Accumulation in Osteoporosis and the Underlying Mechanisms

Osteoporosis is prevalent in postmenopausal women.The underlying reason is mainly estrogen deficiency,but recent studies have indicated that osteoporosis is also associated with iron accumulation after menopause.It has been confirmed that some methods of decreasing iron accumulation can improve the abnormal bone metabolism associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis.However,the mechanism of iron accumulation-induced osteoporosis is still unclear.Iron accumulation may inhibit the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway via oxidative stress,leading to osteoporosis by decreasing bone formation and increasing bone resorption via the osteoprotegerin(OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand(RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B(RANK)system.In addition to oxidative stress,iron accumulation also has been reported to inhibit either osteoblastogenesis or osteoblastic function as well as to stimulate either osteoclastogenesis or osteoclastic function directly.Furthermore,serum ferritin has been widely used for the prediction of bone status,and nontraumatic measurement of iron content by magnetic resonance imaging may be a promising early indicator of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

A model based on eight iron metabolism-related genes accurately predicts acute myeloid leukemia prognosis

Purpose:Iron metabolism maintains the balance between iron absorption and excretion.Abnormal iron metabolism can cause numerous diseases,including tumor.This study determined the iron metabolism-related genes(IMRGs)signature that can predict the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia(AML).The roles of these genes in the immune microenvironment were also explored.Methods:A total of 514 IMRGs were downloaded from the Molecular Characteristics Database(MSigDB).IMRGs related to AML prognosis were identified using Cox regression and LASSO analyses and were used to construct the risk score model.AML patients were stratified into high-risk groups(cluster 1)and low-risk groups(cluster 2)based on the mean value of the risk score.The accuracy and prognosis prediction potential of the risk-score model was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristics analysis.The stromal score,immune scores,and immune cells infiltrated in AML samples were estimated using CIBERSORT,MCPcountre,and Xcell algorithms.The role of immune checkpoint genes in the AML microenvironment and the prognostic value of the IMRGs were also evaluated.Results:An AML prognosis prediction model was established based on the eight most critical IMRGs.Further analyses revealed that the model could accurately predict AML prognosis.The expression of IMRGs correlated with the infiltration of several immune cells and could influence response to certain chemotherapy drugs and immunotherapy.Conclusion:A model based on IMRGs can accurately predict the overall survival and disease-free survival of AML patients.

Quantum Fuzzy Support Vector Machine for Binary Classification

In the objective world,how to deal with the complexity and uncertainty of big data efficiently and accurately has become the premise and key to machine learning.Fuzzy support vector machine(FSVM)not only deals with the classifi-cation problems for training samples with fuzzy information,but also assigns a fuzzy membership degree to each training sample,allowing different training samples to contribute differently in predicting an optimal hyperplane to separate two classes with maximum margin,reducing the effect of outliers and noise,Quantum computing has super parallel computing capabilities and holds the pro-mise of faster algorithmic processing of data.However,FSVM and quantum com-puting are incapable of dealing with the complexity and uncertainty of big data in an efficient and accurate manner.This paper research and propose an efficient and accurate quantum fuzzy support vector machine(QFSVM)algorithm based on the fact that quantum computing can efficiently process large amounts of data and FSVM is easy to deal with the complexity and uncertainty problems.The central idea of the proposed algorithm is to use the quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations(HHL algorithm)and the least-squares method to solve the quadratic programming problem in the FSVM.The proposed algorithm can deter-mine whether a sample belongs to the positive or negative class while also achiev-ing a good generalization performance.Furthermore,this paper applies QFSVM to handwritten character recognition and demonstrates that QFSVM can be run on quantum computers,and achieve accurate classification of handwritten characters.When compared to FSVM,QFSVM’s computational complexity decreases expo-nentially with the number of training samples.

12285例体检者局部脂肪含量与骨密度的相关性研究

目的了解腰椎周围及髋部周围脂肪比例与骨密度的关系,探讨局部脂肪含量对骨密度检测值的影响。方法收集12285例正常体检人群双能X线骨密度(DEXA)检测的骨密度数据(腰椎和髋部),同时收集每人"骨密度局部模式"所检测的"腰椎周围"及"髋部周围"脂肪比例值数据,按照性别、体重指数(BMI)对本组检测人员分组,采用单因素方差分析和多元线性回归统计方法,回顾分析局部脂肪比例与骨密度之间的相关性。结果单因素方差分析:在髋部脂肪比例高的组中,各组骨密度的平均值均较低。男性髋部和腰椎骨密度在腰周脂肪比例高的组别中平均值较高,而女性腰椎骨密度在腰周脂肪比例高的组中平均值较低,髋部的骨密度则没有明显的改变。多元线性回归分析:女性组:骨密度与身高(r=0.276～0.497)和体重(r=0.216～0.526)正相关,与年龄负相关(r=-0.730～-0.454),与髋部周围脂肪比例负相关(r=-0.369～-0.352),与腰椎周围脂肪比例负相关(r=-0.400～-0.245)。在多元回归分析中,控制其他变量后,腰椎骨密度和腰椎周围脂肪比例无统计学上的相关性。腰椎骨密度和髋部周围脂肪比、髋部骨密度和两个部位的脂肪比均呈负相关,并且在BMI高的组中,负相关性较为显著,其中髋部脂肪比和腰椎骨密度负相关性最为显著(r=-0.220～-0.194)。男性组:骨密度与身高(r=0.139～0.388)和体重呈正相关,与年龄相关性差(r=-0.494～0.077),与髋部周围脂肪比例负相关(r=-0.400～-0.216),与腰椎周围脂肪比例负相关(r=-0.329～-0.223)。在多元回归分析中,控制其他变量后,腰椎骨密度和腰椎周围脂肪比例在BMI<20 kg/m2组中呈显著的正相关(r=0.294),在其它组中没有显著的相关性。腰椎骨密度和髋部周围脂肪比、髋部骨密度和两个部位的脂肪比例呈负相关,其中腰椎骨密度和髋部周围脂肪比的负相关性最为显著(r=-0.207～-0.108),并且在BMI低的组中,负相关程度较高。结论脂肪含量对骨密度有显著的影响,局部脂肪比例增加骨密度下降显著(成年女性BMI指数越高相关性越高);脂肪分布对骨密度影响明显,髋部脂肪比(皮下脂肪为主)与腰椎骨密度的负相关性最显著。

甲磺酸去铁胺治疗铁蓄积致骨量下降雄性小鼠的实验研究

目的观察甲磺酸去铁胺(DFO)干预对铁蓄积导致的小鼠骨量下降骨代谢的治疗作用及其相关机制。方法 32只2月龄雄性小鼠随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组8只,A组为对照组(生理盐水干预),B组、C组、D组均运用铁剂腹腔注射干预2月,2月后A、B组处死;C组和D组分别再用生理盐水、DFO干预1月后处死;检测血清铁、钙、磷水平,骨转换指标I型胶原C端肽(CTX)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP-5b)、骨钙素(BGP)含量,以及氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平;测定肝脏铁含量,肝脏铁Perls’染色;股骨远端松质骨micro-CT扫描分析和三维重建。结果 1血清铁、肝脏铁含量测定及肝脏Perls’染色示B组铁指标显著高于A组,铁蓄积模型成功建立;DFO干预后D组铁指标显著下降。2血清骨转换指标示B组CTX、Trap-5b显著高于A组,BGP水平低于A组;D组CTX、Trap-5b水平均低于C组,BGP含量高于C组,提示DFO可以部分逆转铁蓄积导致的骨吸收增强和骨形成抑制。3血清氧化应激指标示B组MDA水平高于A组,SOD活性低于A组;D组较C组MDA水平显著降低、SOD升高。4micro-CT示B组较A组骨密度下降,各骨小梁参数减低;而降铁干预1月后D组较对照干预C组各骨参数指标均有改善。结论 DFO可部分逆转铁蓄积导致的骨吸收活性增强和骨形成抑制,从而提高骨密度、改善骨的微结构,其机理可能与降铁改善氧化应激水平有关。

铁过载对去势大鼠骨代谢的影响

目的观察去势骨质疏松模型大鼠在铁过载状况下骨转换和骨密度变化,探讨铁过载与绝经后骨质疏松症的相关作用。方法将32只3月龄雌性SD大鼠按完全随机法平分为假手术组(Sham组)、去势组(OVX组)、去势基础上2种剂量枸橼酸铁铵组(FAC)干预组,即低剂量枸橼酸铁铵干预组(FAC1组)、高剂量枸橼酸铁按干预组(FAC2组)。大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术,去势后1周分别用枸橼酸铁铵90(FAC1)和180 mg/kg(FAC2)腹腔注射,每周2次,共9周,OVX组和Sham组按同样方式和频次注射等量生理盐水。9周后心脏取血,检测血清铁、β-Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽(β-CTX)、骨钙素(BGP)含量。用肝脏Perl's法铁染色,用原子吸收法检测胫骨铁含量,观察股骨病理改变,并对股骨远端Micro-CT行三维分析。结果与Sham组比较,OVX组去势后血清铁含量、肝脏普鲁士蓝铁染色差异无统计学意义,但胫骨铁含量显著下降;与Sham组、OVX组比较,FAC1组、FAC2组血清铁、胫骨铁含量升高,肝脏蓝染铁颗粒显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与Sham组比较,OVX组β-CTX、BGP高于Sham组(P<0.05),FAC1和FAC2组较OVX组β-CTX增高(P<0.05);但BGP水平在3组间差异无统计学意义。病理组织形态学结果显示,与OVX组比较,铁干预组骨小梁形态结构稀疏,间距增大。Micro-CT分析表明,与OVX组比较,去势后铁干预组骨密度(BMD)、骨小梁厚度(Tb.th)、骨体积分数(BV/TV)、骨小梁数量(Tb.N)均显著下降(均P<0.05),骨小梁分离度(Tb.Sp)、结构模型指数(SMI)、各向异性度(DA)显著升高(均P<0.05)。结论大鼠去势后合并铁过载促进骨吸收,使骨小梁结构进一步稀疏,骨质密度进一步降低。

降低“铁过载”：一个防治绝经后骨质疏松的新方案

绝经后骨质疏松症的发生机制、防治方法已有许多研究,但近年关于体内铁过载与绝经后骨质疏松症相关的研究越来越多。许多学者认为,绝经后骨质疏松症常伴有铁过载,降低铁过载能改善部分骨质疏松症指标。在降低铁过载的方法中,铁调素具有良好的运用前景。本文针对这些研究进行梳理整合,较详细地介绍降低铁过载可能成为防治绝经后骨质疏松新方案的研究背景和有关研究成果,旨在为研究骨质疏松症的同行提供新的理念和新的思维。

A Case Report of Scrub Typhus: Secondary Acute Arrest of Hemopoiesis with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndromes

Scrub typhus is a zoonotic disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) in which humans are accidental hosts. Acute arrest of hemopoiesis (AAH) always manifests in pancytopenia and with supportive treatment or inducement removal, the AAH patients would show significant improvement in blood routine for about a week. As a rapidly progressive and potentially life-threatening organ function disorder syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is often induced by many factors including infection, illness and injury. We received a rare case of scrub typhus rapidly presenting with AAH and MODS 2 weeks ago. The clinical data of a 32-year-old female with O. tsutsugamushi-induced AAH and MODS was summarized retrospectively and analyzed with a literature review. In this case, we selected tigecycline and moxifloxacin as treatment regimens for scrub typhus. When the potential infection was controlled, her pancytopenia and hepatic function rapidly improved in a few days.

Effect of severe acute pancreatitis on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction components

AIM:To investigate the effect of severe acute pan- creatitis(SAP)on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction(DCQD)components in rats. METHODS:Rats were divided into SAP group and sham-operation group as a control group(n=6). Rhein,chrysophanol,rheochrysidin,magnolol,hesperidin and naringin in DCQD were quantified in rat serum by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for studying their pharmacokinetics. RESULTS:Early absorption of each DCQD component was tended to degrade in SAP group after treatment with DCQD by gavage.The Cmax(chrysophanol,P= 0.0059;rheochrysidin,P=0.0288;magnolol,P= 0.0487;hesperidin,P=0.0277;naringin,P=0.0023) and AUC(rhein,P=0.0186;chrysophanol,P=0.0013; magnolol,P=0.001;hesperidin,P=0.0081;naringin, P=0.0272)of DCQD component were obviously lower in SAP group than in control group.The T1/2α of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin(P=0.0467 and 0.0005,respectively)and Tmax of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin(P=0.0101 and 0.0037,respectively) lasted longer in SAP group than in control group. CONCLUSION:SAP can significantly impact the ab-sorption of DCQD components in rats and their phar-macokinetic parameters.

微课与大学物理新形态教材建设探索与实践

信息技术的发展为包括高校在内的教材建设提供了新的思路。当前高校新形态教材建设方兴未艾,结合互联网平台打造的新形态教材为教学带来了全新的体验。而微课具有针对性强、灵活的形式以及良好的交互性特点,二者的有效结合,能够有效弥补传统纸质教材的不足,提升教与学双方在教学过程中的参与度,促进教学双方的自我提升。本文以大学物理为例,结合微课的特点以及自身教学实践,对大学物理新形态教材建设进行了探讨。

Protopanaxadiol derivative DDPU improvesbehaviorand cognitive deficitin AD mice involving regulation of both ER stress and autophagy

OBJECTIVE To explore the potential effect and mechanisms of protopanaxadiol deriva.tive 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-3-(3-dehydroxyl-20(s)-protopa-naxadiol-3 b-yl)-urea(DDPU) in the treatment of Alzheimer disease.METHODS ELISA assay was performed in both HEK293-APPswe and CHO-APP cells to demonstrate the efficacy of DDPU in reducing Ab level.SH-SY5 Y,primary neurons and astrocyte cellswereused to study the regulation of DDPU against the signaling pathways involved in Aβ/ER-stress pathology.APP/PS1 transgenic mice wereusedto study the regulation of DDPU against ADL and cognitive deficits.APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly placed into three groups(n=10):The two 6-month transgenic groups were administrated with 30 mg·kg^(-1) DDPU or vehicle and the 6-month non-transgenic group was administrated with vehicle for 100 days by intraperitonealinjec.tion.After 100-day administration,nest construction assay and Morris water maze(MWM) assay were applied to evaluate the daily living activities and cognitive abilities of the mice with continuous DDPU treatment.Upon completion of behavior assays,mice were euthanized,and the brains were removed and bisected in mid-sagittal plane.The right hemispheres were frozen and stored at-80°C,and the left hemispheres were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde.RESULTS DDPU effectively improved learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice,and the underlying mechanisms have been inten.sively investigated.DDPU reduced Ab production by inhibiting the PERK/eIF2 a signaling-mediated BACE1 translation,while promoted Ab clearance as a PI3K inhibitor thus negatively regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in promotion of autophagy.Moreover,DDPU also exhibited neuroprotective effect by attenuating ER stress.Therefore,all findings have clearly demonstrated the crosstalk between Ab and ER stress,and confirmed that targeting ER stress should be a potential target for innovative anti-AD drug development,while highlighted the potential of DDPU in the treatment of AD.

Effects of phosvitin phosphopeptide-Ca complex prepared by efficient enzymatic hydrolysis on calcium absorption and bone deposition of mice

Phosvitin(PV)was treated with high-temperature,mild pressure(HTMP),and enzyme combination,and then phosvitin phosphopeptides-calcium(PPP-Ca)complexes were prepared.The low-calcium specific pathogen free-Kunming(SPF-KM)mice were used to determine the effect of PPP-Ca complexes on intestinal calcium absorption and their utilization for bone formation.The serum calcium content was the highest with the HTMP-Enz-PPP-Ca treatment(2.19 mmol/L),and it significantly down-regulated the abnormal elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase(AKP)caused by calcium deficiency.The low-calcium control group had the lowest calcium deposited to the femur(80.41 mg/g)and the lowest femur bone mineral density(BMD)(0.17 g/cm^(3)),while HTMP-Enz-PPP-Ca significantly improved bone calcium content(94.33 mg/g)and BMD(0.29 g/cm^(3)).The micro-computed tomography(MCT)images showed that the femur with the normal control,PV-Ca,and HTMP-Enz-PPP-Ca treatments had a more compact,complete,and thicker trabecular network than the low-calcium and CaCl_(2)treatments.These results indicated that the organic calcium(HTMP-Enz-PPP-Ca)promoted calcium absorption and bone deposition,and the effect of HTMP-Enz-PPP-Ca was better than the inorganic CaCl_(2).

Precise assembly and joining of silver nanowires in three dimensions for highly conductive composite structures

Three-dimensional(3D)electrically conductive micro/nanostructures are now a key component in a broad range of research and industry fields.In this work,a novel method is developed to realize metallic 3D micro/nanostructures with silver-thiol-acrylate composites via two-photon polymerization followed by femtosecond laser nanojoining.Complex 3D micro/nanoscale conductive structures have been successfully fabricated with∼200 nm resolution.The loading of silver nanowires(AgNWs)and joining of junctions successfully enhance the electrical conductivity of the composites from insulating to 92.9 Sm^−1 at room temperature.Moreover,for the first time,a reversible switching to a higher conductivity is observed,up to∼10^5Sm^−1 at 523 K.The temperature-dependent conductivity of the composite is analyzed following the variable range hopping and thermal activation models.The nanomaterial assembly and joining method demonstrated in this study pave a way towards a wide range of device applications,including 3D electronics,sensors,memristors,micro/nanoelectromechanical systems,and biomedical devices,etc.