This paper considers the discrete-time GeoX/G/1 queueing model with unreliable service station and multiple adaptive delayed vacations from the perspective of reliability research. Following problems will be discussed...This paper considers the discrete-time GeoX/G/1 queueing model with unreliable service station and multiple adaptive delayed vacations from the perspective of reliability research. Following problems will be discussed: 1) The probability that the server is in a "generalized busy period" at time n; 2) The probability that the service station is in failure at time n, i.e., the transient unavailability of the service station, and the steady state unavailability of the service station; 3) The expected number of service station failures during the time interval (0, hi, and the steady state failure frequency of the service station; 4) The expected number of service station breakdowns in a server's "generalized busy period". Finally, the authors demonstrate that some common discrete-time queueing models with unreliable service station are special cases of the model discussed in this paper.展开更多
Background Enamel demineralization occurs frequently during orthodontic treatment. In this study, we evaluated the changes of the density of mutans streptococcus (MS) in plaque after bracket bonding and using fluori...Background Enamel demineralization occurs frequently during orthodontic treatment. In this study, we evaluated the changes of the density of mutans streptococcus (MS) in plaque after bracket bonding and using fluoride adhesive on maxillary incisors by real time fluorescence-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-FQ PCR).Methods The study was designed as a self-paired test. Brackets were bonded with fluoride adhesive on the left side, while non-fluoride adhesive on the right side for each patient. Plaque samples were taken from the surfaces around the brackets of four maxillary incisors before brackets bonding and after the bonding 4 weeks later. The amount of MS was measured by RT-FQ PCR. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using the SPSS 11.5 version and the alpha level was set at 0. 05 ( 2-tailed).Results The amount of MS in plaque increased significantly after bracket bonding ( P 〈 0.01 ), whereas no significant differences were observed among four maxillary incisors both before and after brackets bonding (P 〉 0. 05 ), and among the incisors using and not using fluoride adhesive ( P 〉 0. 05 ).Conclusions The increase of the density of MS in plaque after bracket bonding is one of the etiological factors for enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients. The result of this study did not support what we observed clinically that the incidence of enamel demineralization for lateral incisors was higher than that for central incisors. Using fluoride adhesive for bonding did not affect the amount of MS in plaque in our study. Further study is needed.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 71171138,70871084the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No.200806360001
文摘This paper considers the discrete-time GeoX/G/1 queueing model with unreliable service station and multiple adaptive delayed vacations from the perspective of reliability research. Following problems will be discussed: 1) The probability that the server is in a "generalized busy period" at time n; 2) The probability that the service station is in failure at time n, i.e., the transient unavailability of the service station, and the steady state unavailability of the service station; 3) The expected number of service station failures during the time interval (0, hi, and the steady state failure frequency of the service station; 4) The expected number of service station breakdowns in a server's "generalized busy period". Finally, the authors demonstrate that some common discrete-time queueing models with unreliable service station are special cases of the model discussed in this paper.
文摘Background Enamel demineralization occurs frequently during orthodontic treatment. In this study, we evaluated the changes of the density of mutans streptococcus (MS) in plaque after bracket bonding and using fluoride adhesive on maxillary incisors by real time fluorescence-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-FQ PCR).Methods The study was designed as a self-paired test. Brackets were bonded with fluoride adhesive on the left side, while non-fluoride adhesive on the right side for each patient. Plaque samples were taken from the surfaces around the brackets of four maxillary incisors before brackets bonding and after the bonding 4 weeks later. The amount of MS was measured by RT-FQ PCR. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using the SPSS 11.5 version and the alpha level was set at 0. 05 ( 2-tailed).Results The amount of MS in plaque increased significantly after bracket bonding ( P 〈 0.01 ), whereas no significant differences were observed among four maxillary incisors both before and after brackets bonding (P 〉 0. 05 ), and among the incisors using and not using fluoride adhesive ( P 〉 0. 05 ).Conclusions The increase of the density of MS in plaque after bracket bonding is one of the etiological factors for enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients. The result of this study did not support what we observed clinically that the incidence of enamel demineralization for lateral incisors was higher than that for central incisors. Using fluoride adhesive for bonding did not affect the amount of MS in plaque in our study. Further study is needed.