An efficient route to prepare L-glucose and L-galactose is described. The L-sugars are achieved by using the strategy of switching the functional groups at C1 and C5 of D-glucose and D-mannose. The oxidation and reduc...An efficient route to prepare L-glucose and L-galactose is described. The L-sugars are achieved by using the strategy of switching the functional groups at C1 and C5 of D-glucose and D-mannose. The oxidation and reduction of the silyl enol ether at C1 and the lead(IV) tetraacetate mediated oxidative decarboxylation at C5 are the key steps. L-Glucose and L-galactose are prepared in a convenient and inexpensive way.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combination of Xuesaitong(XST)and aspirin on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury(CIRI)in rats,and further explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:A t...Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combination of Xuesaitong(XST)and aspirin on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury(CIRI)in rats,and further explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:A total of 150 male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups with 30rats in each group:sham group,middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)model group,XST group,aspirin group,and XST+aspirin group.Rats were pretreated with XST,aspirin,or XST+aspirin for7 d.One hour after the last administration,a model of CIRI was induced by MCAO/R.Neurological deficits were assessed using Longa’s five-point scale.Cerebral edema was detected by the measurement of brain water content.The volume of cerebral infarction was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),as well as levels of malonaldehyde(MDA)were detected by commercial kits.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to determine the levels of interleukin-1(),interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-10(IL-10),tumor necrosis factor-alphamonocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1),and kynurenine in serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus of MCAO/R rats.The protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor(Nrf2),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),I-kappa B alpha(IκBα),and nuclear factor kappa B(B)/p65 in the cortex were analyzed by western blotting.Results:Treatment of XST,aspirin,and XST+aspirin significantly alleviated the neurological deficits,cerebral edema,and cerebral infarct volume induced by MCAO/R.Treatment of XST,aspirin,and XST+aspirin also reduced MDA,,MCP-1,and kynurenine levels,and increased SOD,CAT,GSH-Px,IL-4,and IL-10 levels in serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus of MCAO/R rats.Furthermore,treatment of XST,aspirin,and XST+aspirin decreased the expression of nuclearB/p65 and increased the expression of IκBα,nuclear Nrf2,and HO-1.Importantly,the combination of XST and aspirin enhanced the protective effects of XST or aspirin treatment alone on CIRI in rats.Conclusion:The combination of XST and aspirin significantly inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus of MCAO/R rats.The combination of XST and aspirin exerted more protective effects than XST or aspirin treatment alone.The combination of XST and aspirin might provide the synergistic therapeutic effects on CIRI,and deserve further clinical investigation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,No.2012CB822100)the National Key Technology R&D Program‘‘New Drug Innovation’’ of China(No.2012ZX09502001-001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20972012 and 21232002)
文摘An efficient route to prepare L-glucose and L-galactose is described. The L-sugars are achieved by using the strategy of switching the functional groups at C1 and C5 of D-glucose and D-mannose. The oxidation and reduction of the silyl enol ether at C1 and the lead(IV) tetraacetate mediated oxidative decarboxylation at C5 are the key steps. L-Glucose and L-galactose are prepared in a convenient and inexpensive way.
基金supported by the Major collaborative innovation projects of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.CAMS-2016I2M-1-010,2016-I2M-1-012)
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combination of Xuesaitong(XST)and aspirin on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury(CIRI)in rats,and further explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:A total of 150 male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups with 30rats in each group:sham group,middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)model group,XST group,aspirin group,and XST+aspirin group.Rats were pretreated with XST,aspirin,or XST+aspirin for7 d.One hour after the last administration,a model of CIRI was induced by MCAO/R.Neurological deficits were assessed using Longa’s five-point scale.Cerebral edema was detected by the measurement of brain water content.The volume of cerebral infarction was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),as well as levels of malonaldehyde(MDA)were detected by commercial kits.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to determine the levels of interleukin-1(),interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-10(IL-10),tumor necrosis factor-alphamonocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1),and kynurenine in serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus of MCAO/R rats.The protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor(Nrf2),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),I-kappa B alpha(IκBα),and nuclear factor kappa B(B)/p65 in the cortex were analyzed by western blotting.Results:Treatment of XST,aspirin,and XST+aspirin significantly alleviated the neurological deficits,cerebral edema,and cerebral infarct volume induced by MCAO/R.Treatment of XST,aspirin,and XST+aspirin also reduced MDA,,MCP-1,and kynurenine levels,and increased SOD,CAT,GSH-Px,IL-4,and IL-10 levels in serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus of MCAO/R rats.Furthermore,treatment of XST,aspirin,and XST+aspirin decreased the expression of nuclearB/p65 and increased the expression of IκBα,nuclear Nrf2,and HO-1.Importantly,the combination of XST and aspirin enhanced the protective effects of XST or aspirin treatment alone on CIRI in rats.Conclusion:The combination of XST and aspirin significantly inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus of MCAO/R rats.The combination of XST and aspirin exerted more protective effects than XST or aspirin treatment alone.The combination of XST and aspirin might provide the synergistic therapeutic effects on CIRI,and deserve further clinical investigation.