Upper crustal velocity and seismogenic environment of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake region in Sichuan, China

On August 8,2017,a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County,Sichuan Province,China.The deep seismogenic environment and potential seismic risk in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau have once again attracted the close attention of seismologists and scholars at home and abroad.The post-earthquake scientific investigation could not identify noticeable surface rupture zones in the affected area;the complex tectonic background and the reason(s)for the frequent seismicity in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake region are unclear.In order to reveal the characteristics of the deep medium and the seismogenic environment of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake region,and to interpret the tectonic background and genesis of the seismicity comprehensively,in this paper,we have reviewed all available observation data recorded by the regional digital seismic networks and large-scale,dense mobile seismic array(China Array)for the northern section of the North-South Seismic Belt around Jiuzhaigou earthquake region.Using double-difference seismic tomography method to invert the three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure characteristics of the upper crust around the Jiuzhaigou earthquake region,we have analyzed and discussed such scientific questions as the relationship between the velocity structure characteristics and seismicity in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake region,its deep tectonic environment,and the ongoing seismic risk in this region.We report that:the P-wave velocity structure of the upper crust around the Jiuzhaigoug earthquake region exhibits obvious lateral inhomogeneity;the distribution characteristics of the shallow P-wave velocity structure are closely related to surface geological structure and formation lithology;the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence is closely related to the velocity structure of the upper crust;the mainshock of the M7.0 earthquake occurred in the upper crust;the inhomogeneous variation of the velocity structure of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake area and its surrounding medium appears to be the deep structural factor controlling the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its sequence.The 3D P-wave velocity structure also suggests that the crustal low-velocity layer of northeastern SGB(Songpan-GarzêBlock)stretches into MSM(Minshan Mountain),and migrates to the northeast,but the tendency to emerge as a shallow layer is impeded by the high-velocity zone of Nanping Nappe tectonics and the Bikou Block.Our results reveal an uneven distribution of high-and low-velocity structures around the Tazang segment of the East Kunlun fault zone.Given that the rupture caused by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake has enhanced the stress fields at both ends of the seismogenic fault,it is very important to stay vigilant to possible seismic hazards in the large seismic gap at the Maqu-Maqên segment of the East Kunlun fault zone.

Pathogenesis and multidisciplinary management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ)is a serious side effect of bone-modifying agents and inhibits angiogenesis agents.Although the pathogenesis of MRONJ is not entirely clear,multiple factors may be involved in specific microenvironments.The TGF-β1 signalling pathway may have a key role in the development of MRONJ.According to the clinical stage,multiple variables should be considered when selecting the most appropriate treatment.Therefore,the prevention and management of treatment of MRONJ should be conducted in patient-centred multidisciplinary team collaborative networks with oncologists,dentists and dental specialists.This would comprise a closed responsibility treatment loop with all benefits directed to the patient.Thus,in the present review,we aimed to summarise the pathogenesis,risk factors,imaging features,clinical staging,therapeutic methods,prevention and treatment strategies associated with MRONJ,which may provide a reference that can inform preventive strategies and improve the quality of life for patients in the future.

The choice of a neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycle for breast cancer has significance in clinical practice: results from a population-based, real world study

Objective:Neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)is currently used in both early stage and locally advanced breast cancers.The survival benefits of standard vs.non-standard NAC cycles are still unclear.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between NAC cycles and survival based on real world data.Methods:We identified patients diagnosed with invasive primary breast cancers who underwent NAC followed by surgery.Patients who received at least 4 NAC cycles were defined as having received standard cycles,while patients who received less than 4 NAC cycles were defined as having received non-standard cycles.Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS).Results:Of the 1,024 included patients,700 patients received standard NAC cycles and 324 patients received non-standard NAC cycles.The DFS estimates were 87.1%and 81.0%(P=0.007)and the OS estimates were 90.0%and 82.6%(P=0.001)in the standard and non-standard groups,respectively.Using multivariate analyses,patients treated with standard NAC cycles showed significant survival benefits in both DFS[hazard ratio(HR):0.62,95%confidence interval(CI):0.44–0.88]and OS(HR:0.54,95%CI:0.37–0.79).Using stratified analyses,standard NAC cycles were associated with improved DFS(HR:0.59,95%CI:0.36–0.96)and OS(HR:0.49,95%CI:0.28–0.86)in the HER2 positive group.Similar DFS(HR:0.50,95%CI:0.25–0.98)and OS(HR:0.45,95%CI:0.22–0.91)benefits were shown for the triple negative group.Conclusions:Standard NAC cycles were associated with a significant survival benefit,especially in patients with HER2 positive or triple negative breast cancer.

城镇化进程中房屋拆迁促进家庭投资了吗?——基于PSM方法的实证分析

房屋拆迁能给家庭带来一定的冲击,本文基于心理账户理论,采用2019年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS),并利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)验证拆迁家庭和未拆迁家庭在风险资产投资上的差异,再利用OLS模型实证检验了房屋拆迁对家庭金融参与行为的影响。实证表明:房屋拆迁会显著增加家庭参与风险资产的投资。同时利用调节效应得出,金融可得性可以调节拆迁家庭参与金融资产投资。

Deep electrical structures of Qinzhou-Fangcheng Junction Zone in Guangxi and seismogenic environment of the 1936 Lingshan M6^(3/4)earthquake

The tectonic position of the southwest section of the Qinzhou Bay-Hangzhou Bay Tectonic Junction Zone(QHTJZ)can be determined by examining the Qinzhou-Fangcheng Junction Zone(QFJZ)in Guangxi.This zone is significant because it was the location of the largest earthquake ever recorded in the inland region of South China,specifically the 1936 Lingshan M6^(3/4)earthquake in Guangxi.Therefore,this region serves as an optimal location for researching the origins of intraplate earthquakes in South China.This study presents a display of a broadband magnetotelluric(MT)prospecting profile that traverses the Guangxi QFJZ and the Lingshan earthquake zone,extending from the northwest(NW)to the southeast(SE).A resistivity structure model was generated using three-dimensional(3D)inversion technology along the profile.The main faults in QFJZ were analyzed in terms of their deep extension forms and tectonic attributes.This analysis was performed by integrating the results obtained from geology,gravity,wave velocity ratio,Global Position System(GPS),and geothermal flow.The results showed that(1)the Dongzhong-Xiaodong fault(DXf),the eastern Fangcheng-Lingshan fault(FLf2),and the eastern Hepu-Beiliu fault(HBf2)were all trans-crustal deep faults,and crust-mantle ductile shear zones developed in the deep part.Two electrical boundary zones,DXf and HBf2,were identified.DXf inclined towards the northwest,while HBf2 inclined towards the southeast.The FangchengLingshan fault(FLf)exhibits a tectonic style resembling a“flower”shape in the upper crust.In the deeper section,it is characterized by an electrical boundary zone that gradually slopes towards the southeast direction.(2)The Hunan-Guangxi Passive Continental Margin(HGPCM)on the NW side of DXf had a stratified resistivity structure and relatively stable Bouguer gravity anomalies,which conformed to the quasi-craton tectonic attribute of the local failure at the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block(YB).The southeastern side of this block is marked by the presence of the QFJZ and Yunkai Magmatic Arc(YKMA).These areas exhibit varying Bouguer gravity anomalies,indicating a combination of high and low resistivity in their electrical structures.This suggests that this zone has undergone multiple stages of structural evolution and transformation.The giant high-resistivity body under the Qinzhou-Fangcheng Remnant Ocean Basin(QFROB)might be the trace left by the extinction of the South China Ocean and the collision orogeny between YB and the Cathaysian Block(CB).The presence of sublow-resistivity layers in the middle-lower crust between the Liuwandashan Magmatic Arc(LMA)and YKMA indicates that this particular zone is being influenced from a distance by magmatic activities originating from the Leiqiong mantle.(3)The focal area of the 1936 Lingshan earthquake was located in the brittle high-resistivity body with a low strain rate.Under the coupling action of NWW-SEE regional tectonic stress and deep thermodynamic force,the brittle high-resistivity body in the upper crust became the main body for accumulating the tectonic stress.The Lingshan earthquake occurred due to the dextral strike-slip fracture instability of FLf2,a rock layer with slightly lower strength in the sub-high-resistivity zone.This instability was triggered when the accumulated stress reached the ultimate rock strength.The unveiling of the seismogenic model of the Lingshan earthquake,as presented in this study,holds significant scientific importance in comprehending the factors contributing to intraplate earthquakes in the South China region.

Recent advances in access to overcome cancer drug resistance by nanocarrier drug delivery system

Cancer is currently one of the most intractable diseases causing human death.Although the prognosis of tumor patients has been improved to a certain extent through various modern treatment methods,multidrug resistance(MDR)of tumor cells is still a major problem leading to clinical treatment failure.Chemotherapy resistance refers to the resistance of tumor cells and/or tissues to a drug,usually inherent or developed during treatment.Therefore,an urgent need to research the ideal drug delivery system to overcome the shortcoming of traditional chemotherapy.The rapid development of nanotechnology has brought us new enlightenments to solve this problem.The novel nanocarrier provides a considerably effective treatment to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy or other drugs resulting from systemic side effects such as resistance,high toxicity,lack of targeting,and off-target.Herein,we introduce several tumor MDR mechanisms and discuss novel nanoparticle technology applied to surmount cancer drug resistance.Nanomaterials contain liposomes,polymer conjugates,micelles,dendrimers,carbon-based,metal nanoparticles,and nucleotides which can be used to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs,photosensitizers,and small interfering RNA(siRNA).This review aims to elucidate the advantages of nanomedicine in overcoming cancer drug resistance and discuss the latest developments.

Characteristics of the three-dimensional deep electrical structure in the Helan Mountains-Yinchuan Basin and its geodynamic implications

Located in the north segment of the North-South seismic belt where the Alxa block(AB)and the Ordos block(OB)contact,the Helan Mountains-Yinchuan Basin(HLM-YCB)constitutes a typical normal faulting basin-mountain structure on the Chinese mainland.The 1739 M8.0 Pingluo earthquake occurred in the Yinchuan fault depression basin with such a basinmountain structure.Data on five magnetotelluric profiles encompassing distinct segments of the HLM-YCB were utilized for three-dimensional(3D)joint inversion in order to collect fine 3D electrical structure information at a crustal and upper mantle scale across the entire region.The electrical structure between the main blocks in the HLM-YCB and adjacent areas is characterized by east-west horizontal blocks OB,YCB,and HLM,which are divided by the Yellow River fault(F5)with the HLM eastern piedmont fault(F2)as electrical boundary zones on the east and west sides.The two main block units,AB and OB,exhibit an obvious layered resistivity structure.Besides,the HLM-YCB is characterized by a typical basin-mountain structure with the mountains as a high-resistivity body and the basin as a low-resistivity body,and in the northern YCB a large-scale lowresistivity structure exists,extending to the upper mantle,probably derived from the upwelling of mantle-derived materials.It is speculated from a combination of recent 3D crustal movement field information and other data that the HLM-YCB is an active tectonic zone formed via regional tensile action.The formation of the HLM-YCB lies in the interaction of the Tibetan Plateau(TP),AB,and OB and abnormal mantle activities beneath the YCB.The HLM-YCB reflects the joint action of upwelling and diffluence caused by the underplating of hot materials from the deep mantle with gravity and the redistribution of regional tectonic stress on the earth’s surface,which may be the main dynamic reason for the 1739 M8.0 Pingluo earthquake.

Polymer assisted deposition of high-quality CsPbI2Br film with enhanced film thickness and stability

Inorganic halide perovskites such as cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)have drawn tremendous attention,as their tunable band gaps are desirable for solar cells as well as light emitting diodes.However,due to their low Goldschmidt tolerance factor,the cubic phase of bulk CsPbX3-the variant with desirable band gap-is not stable in ambient,especially in humid air.Besides,the low solubility of CsX in precursor makes it difficult to control the film thickness and morphology of CsPbX3,which becomes another obstacle for the practical application of inorganic perovskite.Here,we report a polymer assisted deposition of high-quality CsPbI2Br film by spin-coating a polymer-blended CsPbI2Br precursor.The long-chained polymer increases the viscosity of the solution,which enables us to achieve a ca.700-nm thick film with a low solution concentration of CsPbI2Br.Moreover,the polymer network helps to regulate the crystallization process and provides more crystallization sites for perovskite film,reducing grain size and thus improving the film coverage.Perovskite solar cells with the polymer network exhibit improved efficiency and reproducibility(0.72%standard deviation).Moreover,the device demonstrates excellent robustness against moisture and oxygen,and maintains 90%of its initial power conversion efficiency(PCEs)after aging 4 months in ambient conditions.The conception of polymer incorporation into inorganic perovskite films paves a way to further increase the performance,stability and reproducibility of inorganic perovskite devices.

Contribution of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to aroma-active compound production,phenolic composition and sensory profile in Chinese Vidal icewine

To acquire candidate non-Saccharomyces strains for preparation of high-quality Vidal icewine,11 representative indigenous non-Saccharomyces strains were selected for analyzing their production of organic acids,phenolic compounds,aroma-active compounds and evaluating their sensory profile in Vidal juice.The results showed that the contents of organic acids in the wines were controlled and balanced well by the non-Saccharomyces strains as well as polyphenol concentrations were well improved during the fermentation.The strains differed from each other in their ability to produce aroma compounds,causing diversity and complexity of aroma characteristics in wine.Fermentation by Saccharomycopsis crataegensis YC30(Sc)and Hanseniaspora uvarum QTX22(Hu)could enhance the sweet and floral notes in Vidal icewine,especially Sc,which has never been reported before.It can not only enrich the aroma categories,but also increase the content ofδ-decalactone,γ-decalactone,ethyl isobutyrate,ethyl butyrate,phenethyl acetic acid,etc.The evaluation and optimization of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains could provide theoretical basis for the improvement of ice wine quality,and supply new ideas and strategies for the brewing of ice wine.

A review of seismo-electromagnetic research in China

The seismo-electromagnetic(EM)method is an important geophysical method that plays a major role in the observation of seismic anomalies related to earthquake precursors.It is the most promising method for a breakthrough in short-term earthquake prediction.The digital transformation and network upgrading implemented in the“Ninth five-year plan”and“Tenth five-year plan”have optimized the original observation system,improved the quality of observed data,enriched the seismicelectromagnetic information,and enhanced the analysis capability and timeliness of seismic-electromagnetic anomalies.These improvements are of major importance for the research on seismo-electromagnetics as well as for the development of new technologies.Since the beginning of the 21 st century,China has launched a satellite named CSES that was designed for the generation and study of seismo-electromagnetic data and built a high-power transmitting source and a new CSELF observation network that is used specifically for earthquake monitoring.This platform has promoted the full-time three-dimensional EM monitoring and the identification of earthquake anomalies.Based on the study of anomalies related to earthquake precursors,the physical and numerical simulations,and the study on generation mechanism of anomalies in China,we summarize the characteristics of earthquake EM anomalies and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different EM observation methods.Finally,considering the related questions of the seismo-electromagnetic prediction and implementing the recent developments both in China and abroad,we review the current status of seismo-electromagnetic research and propose strategies for future research.

Is oral microbiome of children able to maintain resistance and functional stability in response to short-term interference of ingesta?

Dear Editor,A series of studies had focused on the ecological stability of human microbiome(Lozupone et al.,2012;Faith et al.,2013;Moya and Ferrer,2016).Despite the continuous perturbation and the highly personalized composition within the human microbiome(Human Microbiome Project,2012),healthy adults stably maintain their microbial communities in terms of space and time(Faith et al.,2013;Moya and Ferrer,2016;Oh et al.,2016).This stability is proved to be critical for the well-being of human body(Lozupone et al.,2012).On the contrary,major shifts in microbial community composition are often related to diseases(Lynch and Pedersen,2016).

A novel composite coating mesh film for oil-water separation

Polytetrafluoroethylene-polyphenylene sulfide composite coating meshfilm was successfully prepared by a simple layered transitional spray-plasticizing method on a stainless steel mesh.It shows super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic properties.The contact angle of this meshfilm is 156.3°for water,and close to 0°for diesel oil and kerosene.The contact angle hysteresis of water on the meshfilm is 4.3°.The adhesive force between thefilm and substrate is grade 0,theflexibility is 1 mm and the pencil hardness is 4H.An oil-water separation test was car-ried out for oil-contaminated water in a six-stage super-hydrophobicfilm separator.The oil removal rate can reach about 99%.

Regulated deficit irrigation:an effective way to solve the shortage of agricultural water for horticulture

The deficient agricultural water caused by water shortage is a crucial limiting factor of horticultural production.Among many agricultural water-saving technologies,regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)has been proven to be one of the effective technologies to improve water use efficiency and reduce water waste on the premise of maintaining the quality of agricultural products.RDI was first reported more than 40years ago,although it has been applied in some areas,little is known about understanding of the implementation method,scope of application and detailed mechanism of RDI,resulting in the failure to achieve the effect that RDI should have.This review refers to the research on RDI in different crops published in recent years,summarizes the definition,equipment condition,function,theory illumination,plant response and application in different crops of RDI,and looks forward to its prospect.We expect that this review will provide valuable guidance for researchers and producers concerned,and support the promotion of RDI in more horticultural crops.