甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中微量氧化镁助剂对Ni基催化剂抗积碳性能的影响（英文）

甲烷二氧化碳重整反应不仅可以将两种温室气体转化为更具有工业应用价值的合成气,而且反应产物中的H_2/CO比也比较适宜合成气的深加工过程,兼具环境效益和经济效益,因此受到广泛的关注与研究.但是,阻碍该过程工业化的主要问题在于反应中Ni基催化剂非常容易积碳,从而导致催化剂失活.近年来,甲烷二氧化碳催化重整领域的研究主要集中在反应机理和催化剂设计,其中大多数的研究结果表明,Ni基催化剂的抗积碳性能取决于反应过程中积碳速率与消碳速率之间的平衡.CO_2是该反应体系中唯一的氧源,因此Ni基催化剂的消碳能力在很大程度上取决于其对CO_2裂解活化能力的强弱.早期的文献中一般认为,CO_2的裂解活化与载体的Lewis碱性位点强弱相关,因此添加碱性氧化物助剂,比如MgO和CaO等,能够增强Ni基催化剂的碱性强度和CO_2吸附性能,有利于催化剂表面碳物种的转化,从而增强催化剂的稳定性.已有文献报道,添加微量MgO助剂(<1 wt%)尽管没有影响Ni基催化剂的碱性强度,但是能够明显增强Ni基催化剂的稳定性,但没有对此结果给出明确的解释.在非均相催化研究领域中,活性金属与助剂在催化剂表面的分散性,是研究其催化作用的重要前提.大部分甲烷二氧化碳催化重整研究工作中,助剂的引入通常采用浸渍法,但是这种制备方法并不能有效保证助剂的分散度.本研究工作利用了水滑石材料的'记忆效应',将0.42 wt%Mg^(2+)引入到由Ni-Al水滑石前驱体焙烧后得到的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂中.X射线能谱仪的结果表明,微量MgO助剂均匀分散在Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂表面上.经X射线衍射、CO_2程序升温脱附和H_2程序升温还原表征验证,添加微量的MgO助剂并没有对Ni晶粒尺寸、金属载体相互作用以及Al_2O_3载体表面碱性强度产生明显作用;然而甲烷二氧化碳重整活性评价测试和反应后催化剂的O2程序升温氧化实验结果显示,微量MgO助剂能明显增强Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的稳定性,并且有效地阻碍了石墨碳在催化剂表面的形成.表面脉冲吸附实验结果证实,微量MgO助剂促进了CO_2在Ni颗粒表面的裂解活化,进而可以及时消除Ni金属表面由甲烷裂解产生的碳物种,防止其迁移、聚集和生成石墨碳.

Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M81/2 earthquake on the basis of present-day seismological data

The great Tancheng earthquake of M81/2 occurred in 1668 was the largest seismic event ever recorded in history in eastern China. This study determines the fault geometry of this earthquake by inverting seismological data of present-day moderate-small earthquakes in the focal area. We relocated those earthquakes with the double-difference method and found focal mechanism solutions using gird test method. The inversion results are as follows： the strike is 21.6°, the dip angle is 89.5°, the slip angle is 170°, the fault length is about 160 km, the lower-boundary depth is about 32 km and the buried depth of upper boundary is about 4 km. This shows that the seismic fault is a NNE-trending upright right-lateral strike-slip fault and has cut through the crust. Moreover, the surface seismic fault, intensity distribution of the earthquake, earthquake-depth distribution and seismic-wave velocity profile in the focal area all verified our study result.

Fault plane parameters of Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake in 1679 determined using present-day small earthquakes

The great Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake occurred in 1679 was the largest surface rupture event recorded in history in the northern part of North China plain. This study determines the fault geometry of this earthquake by inverting seismological data of present-day moderate-small earthquakes in the focal area. We relocated those earthquakes with the double-difference method. Based on the assumption that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the vicinity of fault plane of large earthquake, and referring to the morphology of the long axis of the isoseismal line obtained by the predecessors, we selected a strip-shaped zone from the relocated earthquake catalog in the period from 1980 to 2009 to invert fault plane parameters of this earthquake. The inversion results are as follows： the strike is 38.23°, the dip angle is 82.54°, the slip angle is -156.08°, the fault length is about 80 km, the lower-boundary depth is about 23 km and the buried depth of upper boundary is about 3 kin. This shows that the seismogenic fault is a NNE-trending normal dip-slip fault, southeast wall downward and northwest wall uplift, with the right-lateral strike-slip component. Moreover, the surface rupture zone, intensity distribution of the earth-quake and seismic-wave velocity profile in the focal area all verified our study result.

Difference between focal mechanisms of Dayao earthquake doublet sequence

Using the maximum amplitude ratios of vertical component of P and S waves recorded by a regional network, 921 focal mechanisms of Dayao earthquake doublet sequence are determined by means of synthetic seismograms of a point source of dislocation in a plane layered medium. Among them, 389 focal mechanisms are in the aftershock sequence of M6.2 earthquake occurred on 21 July, 2003 and the other 532 focal mechanisms are in the aftershock sequence of M6.1 earthquake occurred on 16 October, 2003 in Dayao, Yurman. The focal mechanism consistent parameter a of the two aftershock sequences are calculated and analyzed. According to the focal mechanism consistent parameter a, the focal mechanisms of the first aftershock sequence are more consistent than those of the second. According to the comparison of CMT solutions of the two M6 earthquakes, the physical mechanism of the doublet in the intra-plate earthquake is very complex, and many processes are involved and interacted with each other. This doublet provides insights into earthquake clustering, triggering and stress cycling.

青藏高原东缘汶川地震断层陡坎类型与级联破裂模型(英文)

The post-earthquake field investigations reveal that the MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of 12th May 2008 ruptured three NE-striking imbricate reverse faults and another NW-trending reverse fault, along the middle Longmenshan fold-and-thrust belt at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The fault-scarp features can be categorized into eight groups: simple thrust scarp, hanging-wall collapse scarp, simple pressure ridge, dextral pressure ridge, fault-related fold scarp, back-thrust pressure ridge, local normal fault scarp and crocodile-mouth-like scarp. The local normal scarp is first discovered in the reverse-faulting earthquakes as ever reported in the world. Field observation indicates that the Wenchuan earthquake surface rupture is dominated by reverse faulting with a minus right-lateral component, but the relative ratio varies from site to site. Also, the surface ruptures can be divided, for the first order, into two segments, the Yingxiu and Beichuan segments, corresponding to MW7.8 and MW7.57 events, respectively. The two segments further can be divided, for the second order, into four sub-segments in total, which are equivalent to four sub-events of MW7.46, MW7.69, MW6.99 and MW7.52, respectively. The fault segmentation, for different orders, shows a cascade-rupturing pattern and can explain why the quake time of the Wenchuan earthquake was so long as up to 100 second. Aftershock focal mechanisms are also used to constrain the fault geometry for the sub-segments, indicating that the seismogenic faults are listric at depth and in general, the fault plane becomes steeper northward, which enables the fault to accommodate larger strike-slip motion. This earthquake also confirms that the crustal shortening across the Longmenshan fold-and-thrust belt should be responsible for the growth of high topographic relief along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.