Effects of multiple dynamic processes on chlorophyll variation in the Luzon Strait in summer 2019 based on glider observation

Luzon Strait is the main channel connecting the South China Sea(SCS)and the western Pacific,with complex atmospheric and oceanic dynamic processes.Based on 44 days of glider measurements and satellite observations,we investigated the temporal and vertical variations of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration in the Luzon Strait from July 25 to September 6,2019.The Chl a was mainly distributed above 200 m and concentrated in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum(SCM)layer.The depth of SCM ranged between 50 m and 110 m,and the magnitude of SCM varied from 0.42 mg/m3 to 1.12 mg/m3.The variation of Chl a was identified with three stages responding to different dynamic processes.Under the influence of Kuroshio intrusion,the SCM depth sharply deepened,and its magnitude decreased in Stage 1.Afterward,a prominent Chl-a bloom was observed in the SCM layer from August 6 to August 16.The Chl-a bloom in Stage 2 was related to the influence of a cyclonic eddy,which uplifted of the thermocline and thus the deep nutrients.During Stage 3,prolonged heavy rainfall in the northeastern SCS resulted in a significant salinity decrease in the upper ocean.The convergence of upper water deepened the thermocline and the mixed layer.Thus,the Chl a decreased in the SCM layer but increased in the surface layer.In particular,a typhoon passed through the Luzon Strait on August 24,which induced the Chl a increase in the upper 50 m.However,there was little change in the depth-integrated Chl a(0-200 m),indicating that the Chl a increase in the surface layer was likely associated with physical entrainment of SCM caused by strong mixing,rather than the phytoplankton bloom in the upper water column.Underwater gliders provide frequent autonomous observations that help us understand the regional ocean’s complex dynamic processes and biological responses.

天然橡胶的老化机理

采用人工紫外光老化和自然老化2种方法对天然橡胶(NR)进行老化研究,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振波谱及紫外-可见光吸收光谱测试法对老化产物进行表征,探究了NR的老化机理。结果表明,天然橡胶抗紫外光老化能力较差,在紫外光下照射3 h,其分子结构即发生明显改变,而在自然老化的条件下,天然橡胶经过30 d结构才发生变化。天然橡胶的老化机理:双键α-H最先被活化,随后发生氧化生成醛酮等氧化产物,同时双键被加成,烯氢含量减少;老化过程中,氧化降解与交联反应同时存在,老化前期以降解为主,后期产生交联。以核磁谱图为依据对烯氢的氧化百分比进行定量分析,建立了本实验条件下2种老化方程,并得出了自然老化时间与人工紫外光老化时间的关系,天然橡胶经紫外光老化7 d约相当于自然老化下3个月的老化效果。

Evidence in Support of Analogical Reasoning Improvements with Executive Attention Intervention in Healthy Young Adults

Analogical reasoning improvement is important in educational outcome improvement.Inspired by recent ideas and evidence,we applied anti-saccade task training as an executive attention intervention and tested whether it could improve analogical reasoning performance.A serial-task paradigm was applied where participants performed an anti-saccade followed by an analogical reasoning task including a perception condition.The experimental group finished the anti-saccade task in which the ratio of anti-saccade trials to pro-saccade trials was 5:1 while the counterpart was 1:1 in the active control group.Also,a blank control group was established where participants merely finished the analogical reasoning task.Event-related electroencephalographic(EEG)data were recorded when participants were performing the executive attention and analogical reasoning tasks.In addition,their resting state EEG was collected before and after the executive attention intervention.Behaviorally,the experimental group reacted significantly faster than the other two groups in analogical reasoning but not in perception.At the neural level,in the experimental group alone,the anti-saccade trials elicited a smaller N2 than pro-saccade trials and the resting alpha power was improved after executive attention intervention.No significant difference in P2 was found between the two groups in analogical reasoning or perception but the experimental group showed a larger late positive component than the active control group in analogical reasoning.We also found that the late positive component mediated the relationship between the N2 of anti-saccade trials and analogical reasoning reaction times in the experimental group.We further discussed the role of executive attention in the analogical reasoning process,which may pave the way for the future reliable improvement of fluid intelligence.