Synthesis of multi-color laser pulses has been developed as a promising way to improve low conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation(HHG). Here we systematically study the effect of laser focus in a two-...Synthesis of multi-color laser pulses has been developed as a promising way to improve low conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation(HHG). Here we systematically study the effect of laser focus in a two-color waveform on generation of macroscopic HHG in soft x-rays. We find that the dependence of HHG yields on laser focus at low or high gas pressure is sensitive to the characteristics of single-atom harmonic response, in which “short”-or “long”-trajectory emissions can be selectively controlled by changing the waveform of two-color synthesized laser pulse. We uncover the phase-matching mechanism of HHG in the gas medium by examining the propagation of the two-color waveform and the evolution of time-frequency emissions of high-harmonic field. We further reveal that the nonlinear effects, such as geometric phase, atomic dispersion, and plasma defocusing, are responsible for modification of two-color waveform upon propagation. This work can be used to find better macroscopic conditions for generating soft x-ray HHG by employing two-color optimized waveforms.展开更多
Attosecond transient absorption(ATA)has been developed as an all-optical technique for probing electron dynamics in matter.Here we present a scheme that can modify the laserinduced state and the corresponding ATA spec...Attosecond transient absorption(ATA)has been developed as an all-optical technique for probing electron dynamics in matter.Here we present a scheme that can modify the laserinduced state and the corresponding ATA spectrum via excitation by a pair of XUV attosecond pulses and by a time-delayed mid-infrared(MIR)laser probe.Different from the scheme of the electronic excitation by a single XUV attosecond pulse,the application of a pair of XUV pulses provides extra degrees of freedom,such as the time delay and the intensity ratio between two XUV pulses,which make it possible to adjust the pump process,resulting in the modification of the ATA spectrum.We show that by varying the time delay between the two XUV pulses,the population of the dark state and the ATA spectrum of the laser-induced state have periodic modulations.We also demonstrate that the peak of the ATA spectrum of the laser-induced state appears at a fixed time delay between the XUV pair and the MIR laser when the intensity ratio is large,and it changes with the time delay when the intensity ratio is small,which can be related to either one of two peaks in the population of the dark state.展开更多
Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in ...Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.展开更多
Understanding antibiotic biodegradation is important to the appreciation of their fate and removal from the environment. In this research an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry(IRMS)method was developed to evaluate the ...Understanding antibiotic biodegradation is important to the appreciation of their fate and removal from the environment. In this research an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry(IRMS)method was developed to evaluate the extent of biodegradation of the antibiotic,sulphanilamide, in contaminated groundwater. Results indicted an enrichment in δ^(13)C of8.44‰ from-26.56(at the contaminant source) to-18.12‰(300 m downfield of the source).These results confirm reductions in sulphanilamide concentrations(from 650 to 10 mg/L)across the contaminant plume to be attributable to biodegradation(56%) vs. other natural attenuation processes, such as dilution or dispersion(42%). To understand the controls on sulphanilamide degradation ex-situ microcosms assessed the influence of sulphanilamide concentration, redox conditions and an alternative carbon source. Results indicated, high levels of anaerobic capacity(~50% mineralisation) to degrade sulphanilamide under high(263 mg/L), moderate(10 mg/L) and low(0.02 mg/L) substrate concentrations. The addition of electron acceptors; nitrate and sulphate, did not significantly enhance the capacity of the groundwater to anaerobically biodegrade sulphanilamide. Interestingly, where alternative carbon sources were present, the addition of nitrate and sulphate inhibited sulphanilamide biodegradation. These results suggest, under in-situ conditions, when a preferential carbon source was available for biodegradation, sulphanilamide could be acting as a nitrogen and/or sulphur source. These findings are important as they highlight sulphanilamide being used as a carbon and a putative nitrogen and sulphur source, under prevailing iron reducing conditions.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.91950102,12274230,and 11834004)the Funding of Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Grant No.TSXK2022D005)。
文摘Synthesis of multi-color laser pulses has been developed as a promising way to improve low conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation(HHG). Here we systematically study the effect of laser focus in a two-color waveform on generation of macroscopic HHG in soft x-rays. We find that the dependence of HHG yields on laser focus at low or high gas pressure is sensitive to the characteristics of single-atom harmonic response, in which “short”-or “long”-trajectory emissions can be selectively controlled by changing the waveform of two-color synthesized laser pulse. We uncover the phase-matching mechanism of HHG in the gas medium by examining the propagation of the two-color waveform and the evolution of time-frequency emissions of high-harmonic field. We further reveal that the nonlinear effects, such as geometric phase, atomic dispersion, and plasma defocusing, are responsible for modification of two-color waveform upon propagation. This work can be used to find better macroscopic conditions for generating soft x-ray HHG by employing two-color optimized waveforms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91950102 and 11834004)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20220925)the Funding of Nanjing University of Science and Technology(NJUST)(Grant No.TSXK2022D005)
文摘Attosecond transient absorption(ATA)has been developed as an all-optical technique for probing electron dynamics in matter.Here we present a scheme that can modify the laserinduced state and the corresponding ATA spectrum via excitation by a pair of XUV attosecond pulses and by a time-delayed mid-infrared(MIR)laser probe.Different from the scheme of the electronic excitation by a single XUV attosecond pulse,the application of a pair of XUV pulses provides extra degrees of freedom,such as the time delay and the intensity ratio between two XUV pulses,which make it possible to adjust the pump process,resulting in the modification of the ATA spectrum.We show that by varying the time delay between the two XUV pulses,the population of the dark state and the ATA spectrum of the laser-induced state have periodic modulations.We also demonstrate that the peak of the ATA spectrum of the laser-induced state appears at a fixed time delay between the XUV pair and the MIR laser when the intensity ratio is large,and it changes with the time delay when the intensity ratio is small,which can be related to either one of two peaks in the population of the dark state.
基金supported by the "Hundred Talents Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 724)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41171372)the National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No. 2011BAC09B05)
文摘Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.
基金Financial support from the Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative(No.2016VEA040)is gratefully acknowledged
文摘Understanding antibiotic biodegradation is important to the appreciation of their fate and removal from the environment. In this research an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry(IRMS)method was developed to evaluate the extent of biodegradation of the antibiotic,sulphanilamide, in contaminated groundwater. Results indicted an enrichment in δ^(13)C of8.44‰ from-26.56(at the contaminant source) to-18.12‰(300 m downfield of the source).These results confirm reductions in sulphanilamide concentrations(from 650 to 10 mg/L)across the contaminant plume to be attributable to biodegradation(56%) vs. other natural attenuation processes, such as dilution or dispersion(42%). To understand the controls on sulphanilamide degradation ex-situ microcosms assessed the influence of sulphanilamide concentration, redox conditions and an alternative carbon source. Results indicated, high levels of anaerobic capacity(~50% mineralisation) to degrade sulphanilamide under high(263 mg/L), moderate(10 mg/L) and low(0.02 mg/L) substrate concentrations. The addition of electron acceptors; nitrate and sulphate, did not significantly enhance the capacity of the groundwater to anaerobically biodegrade sulphanilamide. Interestingly, where alternative carbon sources were present, the addition of nitrate and sulphate inhibited sulphanilamide biodegradation. These results suggest, under in-situ conditions, when a preferential carbon source was available for biodegradation, sulphanilamide could be acting as a nitrogen and/or sulphur source. These findings are important as they highlight sulphanilamide being used as a carbon and a putative nitrogen and sulphur source, under prevailing iron reducing conditions.