Cell metabolism pathways involved in the pathophysiological changes of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.Elucidating the pathophysiological metabolic mechanism impels the generation of ideal therapies.However,existing limited treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy expose the urgent need for cell metabolism research.Given the lack of comprehensive understanding of energy metabolism changes and related signaling pathways in diabetic peripheral neuropathy,it is essential to explore energy changes and metabolic changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy to develop suitable treatment methods.This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy from the perspective of cellular metabolism and the specific interventions for different metabolic pathways to develop effective treatment methods.Various metabolic mechanisms(e.g.,polyol,hexosamine,protein kinase C pathway)are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy,and researchers are looking for more effective treatments through these pathways.

Non-electric bioelectrical analog strategy by a biophysical-driven nano-micro spatial anisotropic scaffold for regulating stem cell niche and tissue regeneration in a neuronal therapy

The slow regenerating rate and misdirected axonal growth are primary concerns that disturb the curative outcome of peripheral nerve repair.Biophysical intervention through nerve scaffolds can provide efficient,tunable and sustainable guidance for nerve regrowth.Herein,we fabricate the reduced graphene oxide(rGO)/polycaprolactone(PCL)scaffold characterized with anisotropic microfibers and oriented nanogrooves by electrospinning technique.Adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs)are seeded on the scaffolds in vitro and the viability,neural differentiation efficiency and neurotrophic potential are investigated.RGO/PCL conduits reprogram the phenotype of seeded cells and efficiently repair 15 mm sciatic nerve defect in rats.In summary,biophysical cues on nerve scaffolds are key determinants to stem cell phenotype,and ADSC-seeded rGO/PCL oriented scaffolds are promising,controllable and sustainable approaches to enable peripheral nerve regeneration.

The influence of reduced graphene oxide on stem cells:a perspective in peripheral nerve regeneration

Graphene and its derivatives are fascinating materials for their extraordinary electrochemical and mechanical properties.In recent decades,many researchers explored their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Reduced graphene oxide(rGO)possesses remarkable structural and functional resemblance to graphene,although some residual oxygen-containing groups and defects exist in the structure.Such structure holds great potential since the remnantoxygenated groups can further be functionalized or modified.Moreover,oxygen-containing groups can improve the dispersion of rGO in organic or aqueous media.Therefore,it is preferable to utilize rGO in the production of composite materials.The rGO composite scaffolds provide favorable extracellular microenvironment and affect the cellular behavior of cultured cells in the peripheral nerve regeneration.On the one hand,rGO impacts on Schwann cells and neurons which are major components of peripheral nerves.On the other hand,rGO-incorporated composite scaffolds promote the neurogenic differentiation of several stem cells,including embryonic stem cells,mesenchymal stem cells,adipose-derived stem cells and neural stem cells.This review will briefly introduce the production and major properties of rGO,and its potential in modulating the cellular behaviors of specific stem cells.Finally,we present its emerging roles in the production of composite scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering.