The food system is one of the major sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The impact of emission transfer due to the separation between food production and consumption within the context of carbon neut...The food system is one of the major sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The impact of emission transfer due to the separation between food production and consumption within the context of carbon neutrality remains unclear.In this study,we constructed an emission inventory for three types of grains at the production stage of their life cycle and then analysed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the grain supply and demand.With the use of a spatial equilibrium model,we simulated the spatial distribution flow of the different types of grains from 1990 to 2018 and calculated the resulting GHG emission transfer efficiency.The main results include the following:(1)The imbalance between the grain supply and demand intensified,which was mainly reflected in the distance between the geographic centre of the grain supply and consumption increasing 3.2 times,and thus,the self-sufficiency decreased.(2)The total emission transfer TET of rice and wheat decreased because of the increase in the intra-regional supply,while that of maize gradually increased due to the increase in the inter-regional supply.(3)Overall,grain trade improved the carbon efficiency of grain production in China.The trade efficiency of crops varied,with wheat and maize leading to overall effective carbon reductions,while the carbon transfer efficiency of rice from trade was relatively low.(4)The carbon footprint of grain production in China's provinces exhibited a downward trend,but due to the intensified separation between the grain supply and demand,certain major grain-producing areas achieved inefficient carbon increases.Therefore,we suggest further optimization of the spatial structure of planting and breeding,strengthening of the grain supply in the region,and enhancement in the optimization of the low-carbon production structure and adjustment of cultivated land use combined with regional governance strategies.The application of these measures could contribute to achieving dual-carbon goals.展开更多
China has been committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality will play an essential role in galvanising global climate action,which has been largely deferred by the Covid-19 pan...China has been committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality will play an essential role in galvanising global climate action,which has been largely deferred by the Covid-19 pandemic.China’s carbon neutrality could reduce global warming by approximately 0.2–0.3°C and save around 1.8 million people from premature death due to air pollution.Along with domestic benefits,China’s pledge of carbon neutrality is a“game-changer”for global climate action and can inspire other large carbon emitters to contribute actively to mitigate carbon emissions,particularly countries along the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)routes.In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,it is necessary to decarbonise all sectors in China,including energy,industry,transportation,construction,and agriculture.However,this transition will be very challenging,because major technological breakthroughs and large-scale investments are required.Strong policies and implementation plans are essential,including sustainable demand,decarbonizing electricity,electrification,fuel switching,and negative emissions.In particular,if China can peak carbon emissions earlier,it can lower the costs of the carbon neutral transition and make it easier to do so over a longer time horizon.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality by 2060 and recent pledges at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties(COP26)are significant contributions and critical steps for global climate action.However,countries worldwide need to achieve carbon neutrality to keep the global temperature from growing beyond the level that will cause catastrophic damages globally.展开更多
Power converters with insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)are widely used in diverse industrial applications such as traction systems.As the IGBT is one of the most fragile components in power electronics converter...Power converters with insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)are widely used in diverse industrial applications such as traction systems.As the IGBT is one of the most fragile components in power electronics converter,remaining useful life(RUL)prognostic of IGBT is important to guarantee system reliability.This paper presents a review of data-driven prognostic for IGBT RUL.In this paper,common data-driven prognostic methods are summarized.Features of data-driven prognostic approaches of IGBT are discussed,and main approaches are compared to each other.Four common problems of these schemes are presented and discussed.In addition,some other desirable studies to improve IGBT RUL estimation are proposed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42201301)the Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71921003)the Special Fund of Jiangsu Province Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutral Technology Innovation(Grant No.BK2022037)。
文摘The food system is one of the major sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The impact of emission transfer due to the separation between food production and consumption within the context of carbon neutrality remains unclear.In this study,we constructed an emission inventory for three types of grains at the production stage of their life cycle and then analysed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the grain supply and demand.With the use of a spatial equilibrium model,we simulated the spatial distribution flow of the different types of grains from 1990 to 2018 and calculated the resulting GHG emission transfer efficiency.The main results include the following:(1)The imbalance between the grain supply and demand intensified,which was mainly reflected in the distance between the geographic centre of the grain supply and consumption increasing 3.2 times,and thus,the self-sufficiency decreased.(2)The total emission transfer TET of rice and wheat decreased because of the increase in the intra-regional supply,while that of maize gradually increased due to the increase in the inter-regional supply.(3)Overall,grain trade improved the carbon efficiency of grain production in China.The trade efficiency of crops varied,with wheat and maize leading to overall effective carbon reductions,while the carbon transfer efficiency of rice from trade was relatively low.(4)The carbon footprint of grain production in China's provinces exhibited a downward trend,but due to the intensified separation between the grain supply and demand,certain major grain-producing areas achieved inefficient carbon increases.Therefore,we suggest further optimization of the spatial structure of planting and breeding,strengthening of the grain supply in the region,and enhancement in the optimization of the low-carbon production structure and adjustment of cultivated land use combined with regional governance strategies.The application of these measures could contribute to achieving dual-carbon goals.
基金This work was partially supported by NUISTReading Research Institute Pump-Priming Project(UK)(NRRIPPP-01)Royal Society International Exchange Grant(UK)(IEC\NSFC\211430)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42211530082 and 71921003).
文摘China has been committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality will play an essential role in galvanising global climate action,which has been largely deferred by the Covid-19 pandemic.China’s carbon neutrality could reduce global warming by approximately 0.2–0.3°C and save around 1.8 million people from premature death due to air pollution.Along with domestic benefits,China’s pledge of carbon neutrality is a“game-changer”for global climate action and can inspire other large carbon emitters to contribute actively to mitigate carbon emissions,particularly countries along the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)routes.In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,it is necessary to decarbonise all sectors in China,including energy,industry,transportation,construction,and agriculture.However,this transition will be very challenging,because major technological breakthroughs and large-scale investments are required.Strong policies and implementation plans are essential,including sustainable demand,decarbonizing electricity,electrification,fuel switching,and negative emissions.In particular,if China can peak carbon emissions earlier,it can lower the costs of the carbon neutral transition and make it easier to do so over a longer time horizon.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality by 2060 and recent pledges at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties(COP26)are significant contributions and critical steps for global climate action.However,countries worldwide need to achieve carbon neutrality to keep the global temperature from growing beyond the level that will cause catastrophic damages globally.
文摘Power converters with insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)are widely used in diverse industrial applications such as traction systems.As the IGBT is one of the most fragile components in power electronics converter,remaining useful life(RUL)prognostic of IGBT is important to guarantee system reliability.This paper presents a review of data-driven prognostic for IGBT RUL.In this paper,common data-driven prognostic methods are summarized.Features of data-driven prognostic approaches of IGBT are discussed,and main approaches are compared to each other.Four common problems of these schemes are presented and discussed.In addition,some other desirable studies to improve IGBT RUL estimation are proposed.
