中国新型政党制度:世界政党政治新模式

政党政治是现代民主的产物,由于不同的历史传统和社会条件形成了不同的政党制度模式。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度作为中国新型政党制度,既不同于专制性的一党制,也不同于竞争性的两党制、多党制,而是创造了一种新的政党政治模式,具体体现为五个“新”:一是创造了一种新的政党制度类型,即一党领导、多党合作、政治协商的三位一体;二是创造了一种新的执政方式,即执政党与参政党同心协力、治国理政;三是创造了一种新的政党关系,即政党在合作与和谐中长期共存;四是创造了一种新的民主实现形式,即协商民主与选举民主的有机结合;五是创造了一种新的现代治理方式,即形成力量凝聚、政策优化、政治参与、增进共识的制度机制。中国新型政党制度是中国特色社会主义政治发展道路的重要体现,也是中国对人类政治文明的贡献。

同廉:新时代坚持发展完善中国新型政党制度的重要命题

各民主党派与中国共产党的同廉问题,新民主主义革命时期不可能,社会主义革命和建设时期没必要,改革开放和社会主义现代化建设时期条件尚未完全具备,进入中国特色社会主义新时代,民主党派成为中国特色社会主义参政党,同廉才成为中国共产党和各民主党派共同关注和必须解决的重要问题。这是新时代中国经济社会发展的必然要求,是民主党派作为中国特色社会主义参政党的内在需要,也是坚持好发展好完善好中国新型政党制度的题中应有之义。新时代新征程,中国共产党和民主党派只有共同推进清正廉洁,才能做到长期共存、发挥互相监督作用、维护人民利益,切实把中国新型政党制度的特色和优势充分发挥出来,才能在共同奋斗、一道前进中真正担负起建设社会主义、实现共产主义的历史责任和使命。

统一战线百年实践的经验与规律

统一战线百年奋斗中积累了弥足珍贵的历史经验,主要是:坚持中国共产党领导,坚持科学理论指导,坚持高举爱国主义、社会主义旗帜,坚持大团结大联合,坚持正确处理一致性和多样性关系,坚持广交、深交党外朋友,坚持围绕中心、服务大局,坚持照顾同盟者利益,坚持守正创新,坚持构建大统战工作格局,坚持加强统战部门自身建设,坚持增强统战意识。这些历史经验,深刻揭示了统一战线存在发展的基本规律,科学回答了新的百年“为什么坚持统一战线、如何坚持统一战线”的时代课题,是新的百年奋斗中坚持统一战线、为实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦凝心聚力的重要遵循。

研究把握统一战线工作规律 为中华民族伟大复兴汇聚伟力

统一战线是一门科学。研究把握统一战线工作规律,是统一战线巩固发展和作用发挥的重要基础。百年统一战线的实践和探索,为研究把握统一战线工作规律提供了丰富资源、创造了良好条件。新时代研究把握统一战线工作规律,必须着眼实现第二个百年党的目标任务,为实现中华民族伟大复兴凝聚磅礴伟力,针对统一战线面临的时和势、目标和任务发生的重要变化,以及统一战线各方面成员、内部结构、相互关系出现的发展变化,着力研究统一战线工作的基本规律和重要规律,尤其是统一战线“又团结又斗争”的基本规律、联系团结党外人士的工作规律以及统一战线重要对象和特殊领域的工作规律,在统一战线巩固发展、守正创新和作用发挥上取得决定性成果。

Genetic, hormonal, and environmental control of tillering in wheat

Tillering contributes greatly to grain yield in wheat.Investigating the mechanisms of tillering provides a theoretical foundation and genetic resources for the molecular breeding of wheat.The regulation of tillering is a complex molecular process that involves a multitude of factors.Little is known about the molecular mechanisms in the wheat genome,although progress has been made in rice.Here we review the developmental characteristics of tillers and summarize current knowledge of the roles of endogenous and environmental factors in wheat tillering.We propose directions for future studies and advanced technologies to be used for gene identification and functional studies.

Nature Inspired MXene-Decorated 3D Honeycomb-Fabric Architectures Toward Efficient Water Desalination and Salt Harvesting

Solar steam generation technology has emerged as a promising approach for seawater desalination,wastewater purification,etc.However,simultaneously achieving superior light absorption,thermal management,and salt harvesting in an evaporator remains challenging.Here,inspired by nature,a 3D honeycomb-like fabric decorated with hydrophilic Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(MXene)is innovatively designed and successfully woven as solar evaporator.The honeycomb structure with periodically concave arrays creates the maximum level of light-trapping by multiple scattering and omnidirectional light absorption,synergistically cooperating with light absorbance of MXene.The minimum thermal loss is available by constructing the localized photothermal generation,contributed by a thermal-insulating barrier connected with 1D water path,and the concave structure of efficiently recycling convective and radiative heat loss.The evaporator demonstrates high solar efficiency of up to 93.5% and evaporation rate of 1.62 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) under one sun irradiation.Moreover,assisted by a 1D water path in the center,the salt solution transporting in the evaporator generates a radial concentration gradient from the center to the edge so that the salt is crystallized at the edge even in 21% brine,enabling the complete separation of water/SOLUTE AND EFFICIENT SALT HARVESTING.THIS RESEARCH provides a large-scale manufacturing route of high-performance solar steam generator.

Clinical observations on the treatment of infantile hemangiomas with topical imiquimod 5% cream

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of uncomplicated infantile hemangiomas (IHs). Methods:A total of 68 IHs were treated with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Among them,36 were superficial,22 were mixed,and 10 were deep. The size of IHs ranged from 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm to an area of a whole forearm. All the hemangiomas were in a proliferative stage. Imiquimod was applied 3 times weekly in 44 patients and 5 times weekly in 24 patients for up to 36 weeks. Results:All superficial IHs improved,and 18 achieved complete clinical resolution,10 had excellent improvement,5 showed moderate improvements,and 3 patients displayed minimal improvement. Two mixed IHs showed excellent improvement,3 showed moderate improvement and 5 mani-fested minimal improvements. The remaining 12 mixed IHs and all deep IHs did not respond to the therapy. The total incidence of local adverse events was 58.82%(40/68),which included erythema or edema,local itching,incrustation or peeling,erosion or ulceration,although most of these were mild to moderate reactions and did not affect the treatment. Scarring occurred in 2 mixed IHs. No systemic side effects developed. Conclusion:Imiquimod 5% cream may be a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of superficial IHs and some mixed IHs in which the superficial component predominates. An appropriate treatment duration for proliferative IHs treated with this therapy may be 24 weeks. Some local adverse events,such as crusting and erosion with possible scarring potential may occur and should be addressed by prompt,but temporary,discontinuation of the imiquimod. Topical imiquimod 5% cream can be prudently used in the treatment of IHs larger than 5.0 cm×5.0 cm in newborns and infants less than 6 months of age. To our knowledge,this is the largest IH group treated with imiquimod that has been reported in the literature to date.

Factors affecting mito-nuclear codon usage interactions in the OXPHOS system of Drosophila melanogaster

Codon usage bias varies considerably among genomes and even within the genes of the same genome.In eukaryotic organisms,energy production in the form of oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS) is the only process under control of both nuclear and mitochondrial ge-nomes.Although factors affecting codon usage in a single genome have been studied,this has not occurred when both interactional ge-nomes are involved.Consequently,we investigated whether or not other factors influence codon usage of coevolved genes.We used Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism.Our χ2 test on the number of codons of nuclear and mitochondrial genes involved in the OXPHOS system was significantly different(χ2 = 7945.16,P < 0.01).A plot of effective number of codons against GC3s content of nu-clear genes showed that few genes lie on the expected curve,indicating that codon usage was random.Correspondence analysis indicated a significant correlation between axis 1 and codon adaptation index(R = 0.947,P < 0.01) in every nuclear gene sequence.Thus,codon usage bias of nuclear genes appeared to be affected by translational selection.Correlation between axis 1 coordinates and GC content(R = 0.814,P < 0.01) indicated that the codon usage of nuclear genes was also affected by GC composition.Analysis of mitochondrial genes did not reveal a significant correlation between axis 1 and any parameter.Statistical analyses indicated that codon usages of both nDNA and mtDNA were subjected to context-dependent mutations.

主导性协商:社会主义协商民主的特色和优势

主导性协商是社会主义协商民主的鲜明特色和独特优势,也是区别于国内外其他协商的一个显著特征。它是由人民民主专政、中国共产党执政、民主集中制原则和社会主义协商民主的性质决定的,是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义制度的必然。新时代推进社会主义协商民主、提高协商的质量和效能、坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路,就要深入研究和准确把握主导性协商。而进行主导性协商,根本是实现人民当家作主,要旨是激发协商主体的创造活力,关键是建立健全保障机制。

准确把握性质定位：人民政协事业发展的命脉

准确把握性质定位,是人民政协70年实践发展最重要的历史经验,也是贯穿人民政协发展始终、决定方向使命、发挥职能作用的命脉。在政协事业发展中,变成国家政权机关、增强民主监督的刚性、成为协商民主的主体,是影响准确把握人民政协性质定位的主要问题。新时代,准确把握人民政协性质定位,必须锚定统一战线组织的基本性质、致力增强政治影响力的根本作用、搭好推进广泛凝聚共识的重要平台。

Hormones Regulate in Vitro Organ Regeneration from Leaf-Derived Explants in <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Plant in vitro organogenesis is well-controlled and thus provides an ideal system for plant propagation and studying mechanisms of plant development. However, the data on systematic in vitro organogenesis from leaf explant with various concentrations and combinations of hormones are limited. Arabidopsis is a very useful model plant species for many aspects of plant biological study. Here, we reported a simple, fast and efficient one-step process for evaluating leaf explant-derived in vitro Arabidopsis organogenesis involving the application of various concentrations and combinations of exogenous hormones. The central portion of the fourth rosette leaf was harvested from the 21-days-old seedling and cultured in vitro on the media containing 216 combinations of exogenous hormones. Different types of organs, including roots, shoots, inflorescences, and leaf-like organs were initiated from leaf explants. Several optimal experimental combinations were selected. A hormone combination, 1.00 μM NAA + 10.00 μM ZT, was considered as the most efficient one for adventitious shoot regeneration. And for adventitious root regeneration, six hormone combinations, [(NAA + ZT: 1.00 + 0.10 μM;10.00 + 0.01 μM;20.00 + 0.10 μM;20.00 + 1.00 μM) and (NAA + 6-BA: 10.00 + 0.10 μM;20.00 + 10.00 μM)], were thought to be the best ones. Further, both auxin and cytokinin ratios and concentrations were crucial for efficient in vitro organogenesis. Our study provides the important information for hormone-regulated organogenesis.

Systematic identification of wheat spike developmental regulators by integrated multiomics, transcriptional network, GWAS, and genetic analyses

The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcriptome and epigenome profiles of the young spike at eight developmental stages,revealing co-ordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and H3K27me3 abundance during the flowering transition.We constructed a core transcriptional regulatory network(TRN)that drives wheat spike formation and experimentally validated a multi-layer regulatorymodule involving TaSPL15,TaAGLG1,and TaFUL2.By integrating the TRN with genome-wide association studies,we identified 227 transcription factors,including 42 with known functions and 185 with unknown functions.Further investigation of 61 novel transcription factors using multiple homozygous mutant lines revealed 36 transcription factors that regulate spike architecture or flowering time,such as TaMYC2-A1,TaMYB30-A1,and TaWRKY37-A1.Of particular interest,TaMYB30-A1,downstream of and repressed by WFzP,was found to regulate fertile spikelet number.Notably,the excellent haplotype of TaMYB30-A1,which contains a C allele at the WFzP binding site,was enriched during wheat breeding improvement in China,leading to improved agronomic traits.Finally,we constructed a free and open access Wheat Spike Multi-Omic Database(http://39.98.48.156:8800/#/).Our study identifies novel and high-confidence regulators and offers an effective strategy for dissecting the genetic basis of wheat spike development,with practical value forwheat breeding.

NAC1 regulates root ground tissue maturation by coordinating with the SCR/SHR-CYCD6;1 module in Arabidopsis

Precise spatiotemporal control of the timing and extent of asymmetric cell divisions(AcDs)is essential for plant development.In the Arabidopsis root,ground tissue maturation involves an additional AcD of the endo-dermis that maintains the inner cell layer as the endodermis and generates the middle cortex to the outside.Through regulation of the cell cycle regulator CYCLIND6;1(CYCD6;1),the transcription factors SCARECROW(SCR)and SHORT-ROOT(SHR)play critical roles in this process.In the present study,we found that loss of function of NAC1,a NAC transcription factor family gene,causes markedly increased periclinal cell divisions in the root endodermis.Importantly,NAC1 directly represses the transcription of CYCD6;1 by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS(TPL),creating a fine-tuned mechanism to maintain proper root ground tissue patterning by limiting production of middle cortex cells.Biochemical and genetic analyses further showed that NAC1 physically interacts with SCR and SHR to restrict excessive periclinal cell divisions in the endo-dermis during root middle cortex formation.Although NAC1-TPL is recruited to the CYCD6;1 promoter and represses its transcription in an SCR-dependent manner,NAC1 and SHR antagonize each other to regu-late the expression of CYCD6;1.Collectively,our study provides mechanistic insights into how the NAC1-TPL module integrates with the master transcriptional regulators SCR and SHR to control root ground tissue patterning by fine-tuning spatiotemporal expression of CYCD6;1 in Arabidopsis.

一种用于可穿戴传感器的超柔性、透明、自粘附、可自愈、抗冻和长期稳定冷冻水凝胶

软体器件领域亟需多功能水凝胶,然而,其复杂的功能成分在实际应用中存在安全和环境隐患.在本研究中,单一氯化锂盐在构建冻融聚乙烯醇水凝胶的多层次结构中同时发挥多重作用,激发其前所未有的多功能性和长期稳定性.(1)在冷冻过程中,抗冻盐氯化锂抑制了冰晶的生长,由于冰晶对分子链的排异作用减弱,聚合物分子链靠近程度较弱,实现了分子链网络的非晶化及自由羟基的部分释放.(2)由于氯化锂的水合作用,自由水分子的选择性挥发不仅使高分子网络密集化,同时赋予水凝胶长期稳定性.(3)氯化锂的加入也赋予水凝胶固有特性.因此,最终所得聚乙烯醇水凝胶具备多功能性,包括卓越的柔性(杨氏模量为18.8 kPa)、延展性(704%)、透明度(84%)、粘附性、自愈性、抗冻性(-43℃)和长期稳定性(5个月后宽度和厚度分别为初始尺寸的95%和87%).本研究证明了单一冷冻水凝胶在可穿戴传感器中的应用.考虑到独特的多层次结构及多功能性,预计新一代聚乙烯醇水凝胶将为各种柔性设备提供更多的机会.

Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Patterns of the YUCCA Genes in Maize

Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development(Zhao,2010).In Arabidopsis,a number of YUCCA(YUC)genes,which are involved in auxin biosynthesis,have been identified(Zhao et al.,2001;Woodward et al.,2005;Cheng et al.,2006,2007;Kim et al.,2007;Chen et al.,2014).YUC genes encode flavin monooxygenases(FMOs)that convert indole-3-pyruvate(IPA)to indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)(Zhao,2012).The Arabidopsis YUC family is comprised of 11 members(Zhao et al.,2001;

MPK14-mediated auxin signaling controls lateral root development via ERF13-regulated very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis

Auxin plays a critical role in lateral root(LR)formation.The signaling module composed of auxin-response factors(ARFs)and lateral organ boundaries domain transcription factors mediates auxin signaling to control almost every stage of LR development.Here,we show that auxin-induced degradation of the APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factor ERF13,dependent on MITOGENACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MPK14-mediated phosphorylation,plays an essential role in LR development.Overexpression of ERF13 results in restricted passage of the LR primordia through the endodermal layer,greatly reducing LR emergence,whereas the erf13 mutants showed an increase in emerged LR.ERF13 inhibits the expression of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase16(KCS16),which encodes a fatty acid elongase involved in very-long-chain fatty acid(VLCFA)biosynthesis.Overexpression of KCS16 or exogenous VLCFA treatment rescues the LR emergence defects in ERF13 overexpression lines,indicating a role downstream of the auxin-MPK14-ERF13 signaling module.Collectively,our study uncovers a novel molecular mechanism by which MPK14-mediated auxin signaling modulates LR development via ERF13-regulated VLCFA biosynthesis.

Unfolded protein response activation compensates endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation deficiency in Arabidopsis

Abiotic stresses often disrupt protein folding and induce endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress. There is a sophisticated ER quality control(ERQC) system to mitigate the effects of malfunctioning proteins and maintain ER homeostasis. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER activates the unfolded protein response(UPR) to enhance ER protein folding and the degradation of misfolded proteins mediate by ERassociated degradation(ERAD). That ERQC reduces abiotic stress damage has been well studied in mammals and yeast. However, in plants, both ERAD and UPR have been studied separately and found to be critical for plant abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, we discovered thatUPR-associated transcription factors Atb ZIP17, AtbZIP28 and AtbZIP60 responded to tunicamycin(TM) and Na Cl induced ER stress and subsequently enhanced Arabidopsis thaliana abiotic stress tolerance. They regulated the expression level of ER chaperones and the HRD1-complex components. Moreover, overexpression of Atb ZIP17,Atb ZIP28 and Atb ZIP60 could restore stress tolerance via ERAD in the HRD1-complex mutant hrd3a-2, which suggested that UPR and ERAD have an interactive mechanism in Arabidopsis.

Ancestral function but divergent epigenetic regulation of HAIKU2 reveals routes of seed developmental evolution

Evolution is driven by various mechanisms.A directional increase in the embryo to endosperm ratio is an evolutionary trend within the angiosperms.The endosperm constitutes a major portion of the seed volume in Poales and some dicots.However,in other dicots such as Arabidopsis and soybean,the endosperm proliferates early,followed by embryo growth to replace the endosperm.The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase AtHAIKU2(AtIKU2)is a key regulator of early endosperm proliferation.In this study,we found that IKU2s from Brachypodium,rice,and soybean can complement the abnormal seed developmental phenotype of Atiku2,while AtIKU2 also rescues the defective endosperm proliferation in the Brachypodium BdIKU2 knockout mutant seeds.AtIKU2 and soybean GmIKU2 are actively expressed a few days after fertilization.Thereafter,expression of AtIKU2 is suppressed by the FIS-PRC2 complex-mediated H3K27me3.The soybean GmIKU2 locus is also enriched with H3K27me3 marks.The histone methyltransferase AtMEA is unique to Brassicaceae,but one GmSWN in soybean plays a similar role in seed development as AtMEA.By contrast,the BdIKU2 and rice OsIKU2 loci are continuously expressed and are devoid of H3K27me3 marks.Taken together,these results suggest that IKU2 genes retain an ancestral function,but the duration of their expression that is controlled by PRC2-mediated epigenetic silencing contributes to silenced or persistent endosperm proliferation in different species.Our study reveals an epigenetic mechanism that drives the development of vastly different seed ontogenies.

A green MXene-based organohydrogel with tunable mechanics and freezing tolerance for wearable strain sensors

Conductive hydrogels have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential for use as electronic skin and sensors.However,the loss of the inherent elasticity or conductivity in cold environments severely limits their working conditions.Generally,organic solvents or inorganic salts can be incorporated into hydrogels as cryoprotectants.However,their toxicity and/or corrosive nature as well as the significant water loss during the solvent exchange present serious difficulties.Herein,a liquid-like yet non-toxic polymer-polyethylene glycol(PEG) was attempted as one of the components of solvent for hydrogels.In the premixed PEG-water hybrid solvent,polyacrylamide(PAAm) was in situ polymerized,overcoming the inevitable water loss induced by the high osmotic pressure of the PEG solution and achieving tailored water capacity.Interestingly,the mechanical strength( "soft-to-rigid" transition) and anti-freezing properties of organohydrogels can be simultaneously tuned over a very wide range through adjusting PEG content.This was due to that with increasing PEG in solvent,the PAAm chains transformed from stretching to curling conformation,while PEG bonded with water molecules via hydrogen bonds,weakening the crystallization of water at subzero temperature.Additionally,a highly conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene was further introduced into the organohydrogels,achieving a uniform distribution triggered by the attractive interaction between the rich functional groups of the nanofillers and the polymer chains.The nanocomposite hydrogels demonstrate high electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity,along with a wide working temperature window.Such a material can be used for monitoring human joint movement even at low temperature and has potential applications in wearable strain sensors.

Stigma factors regulating self-compatible pollination

Pollination is one of the most important steps during fertilization and sexual reproduction in plants,and numerous cell-cell interaction events occur between the pistil and the pollen grain/tube during this process.The pollen-stigma interaction is a highly selective process which leads to compatible or incompatible pollination.Previous studies in Solanaceae,Papaveraceae,and Brassicaceae provided some important insights into pollen-stigma recognition in self-incompatible systems.In recent years,considerable data have been available regarding pollen-stigma interaction during self-compatible pollination.In this review,we focus on discussing current knowledge on stigma factors that regulate pollen-stigma interaction in self-compatible systems in comparison with self-incompatible systems.