China’s innovation and research contribution to combating neglected diseases:a secondary analysis of China’s public research data

Background Many emerging and developing economies,such as China,have played the important roles in combating global neglected diseases(NDs).This study aims to explore China’s public landscape of research projects and funding of NDs and to provide empirical evidence on promoting China’s participation in addressing global health priorities that disproportionately affect developing countries.Methods We systematically sourced China’s public funding information from the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China and provincial science and technology agency websites up to August 16,2019.Following the G-FINDER R&D scope,we screened projects of NDs for analysis.National-funded projects were reviewed on an annual basis for exploring the trends and distribution of funding flows.Information on provincial-funded projects was compared with national projects by disease,research type,and geographical distribution.Results A total of 1266 projects were included for analysis and categorized by year,funding source,recipient,disease,research type,region,and province.China’s national public funding for ND research reached a historical peak of USD 16.22 million in 2018.But the proportion of ND research to all public-funded projects was less than 0.5%,and over half of the ND projects were allocated to“the big three,”i.e.,tuberculosis,HIV/AIDS,and malaria.About 58%of national and provincial ND projects focus on basic research.Economically developed regions and municipalities play dominant roles in leading national ND research,such as Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangdong.Provincial ND projects are primarily driven by endemic regions.Conclusions As a new emerging high-tech innovator,China has gradually increased public input to ND-related innovation and research.But there is still a large funding gap among NDs that requires China’s increased support and participation.National development plans and cooperative health needs should be taken into account for China’s participation in promoting global research and development(R&D)for combating NDs.

Rydberg-Atom Terahertz Heterodyne Receiver with Ultrahigh Spectral Resolution

Terahertz heterodyne receivers with high sensitivity and spectral resolution are crucial for various applications.Here,we present a room-temperature atomic terahertz heterodyne receiver that achieves ultrahigh sensitivity and frequency resolution.At a signal frequency of 338.7 GHz,we obtain a sensitivity of 2.88±0.09V·cm^(−1)·Hz^(−1/2) for electric field measurements.The calibrated linear dynamical range spans approximately 89 dB,ranging from−110 dBV/cm to−21 dBV/cm.We demodulate a 400 symbol stream encoded in 4-state phase-shift keying,demonstrating excellent phase detection capability.By scanning the frequency of the local oscillator,we realize a terahertz spectrometer with Hz level frequency resolution.This resolution is more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of existing terahertz spectrometers.The demonstrated terahertz heterodyne receiver holds promising potential for working across the entire terahertz spectrum,significantly advancing its practical applications.

Development of a stationary ca,-bon emission inventory for Shanghai using pollution source census data

This study utilizes 521,631 activity data points from the 2007 Shanghai Pollution Source Census to compile a stationary carbon emission inventory for Shanghai. The inventory generated from our dataset shows that a large portion of Shanghai＇s total energy use consists of coal-oriented energy consumption. The elec- tricity and heat production industries, iron and steel mills, and the petroleum refining industry are the main carbon emitters. In addition, most of these industries are located in Baoshan District, which is Shanghai＇s largest contributor of carbon emissions. Policy makers can use the enterprise- level carbon emission inventory and the method designed in this study to construct sound carbon emission reduction policies. The carbon trading scheme to be established in Shanghai based on the developed carbon inventory is also introduced in this paper with the aim of promoting the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon trading. Moreover, we believe that it might be useful to consider the participation of industries, such as those for food processing, beverage, and tobacco, in Shanghai＇s carbon trading scheme. Based on the results contained herein, we recommend establishing a comprehensive carbon emission inventory by inputting data from the pollution source census used in this study.