Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibits zymosan-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction

AIM: To investigate whether dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) inhibits gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction following zymosan-induced systemic inflammatoryresponse syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham with administration of normal saline(SS group); sham with administration of DMSO(SD group); zymosan with administration of normal saline(ZS group); and zymosan with administration of DMSO(ZD group). Each group contained three subgroups according to 4 h,8 h,and 24 h after surgery. At 4 h,8 h,and 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of zymosan(750 mg/kg),the levels of intestinal inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin(IL)-10] and oxides(myeloperoxidase,malonaldehyde,and superoxide dismutase) were examined. The levels of diamine oxidase(DAO) in plasma and intestinal mucosal blood flow(IMBF) were determined. Intestinal injury was also evaluated using an intestinal histological score and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells was determined by deoxynucleotidyl transferase d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay. The intestinal epithelial tight junction protein,ZO-1,was observed by immunofluorescence.RESULTS: DMSO decreased TNF-α and increased IL-10 levels in the intestine compared with the ZS group at the corresponding time points. The activity of intestinal myeloperoxidase in the ZS group was higher than that in the ZD group 24 h after zymosan administration(P < 0.05). DMSO decreased the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and increased the activity of superoxide dehydrogenase(SOD) 24 h after zymosan administration. The IMBF was lowest at 24 h and was 49.34% and 58.26% in the ZS group and ZD group,respectively(P < 0.05). DMSO alleviated injury in intestinal villi,and the gut injury score was significantly lower than the ZS group(3.6 ± 0.2 vs 4.2 ± 0.3,P < 0.05). DMSO decreased the level of DAO in plasma compared with the ZS group(65.1 ± 4.7 U/L vs 81.1 ± 5.0 U/L,P < 0.05). DMSO significantly preserved ZO-1 protein expression and localization 24 h after zymosan administration. The TUNEL analysis indicated that the number of apoptotic intestinal cells in the ZS group was much higher than the ZD group(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: DMSO inhibited intestinal cytokines and protected against zymosan-induced gut barrier dysfunction.

Intramedullary nailing for pathological fractures of the proximal humerus caused by multiple myeloma: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma(MM)bone disease is indicative of MM,and reduces patient life quality.In addition to oncological,antineoplastic systemic therapy,surgical therapy in patients with MM is an essential treatment within the framework of supportive therapy measures and involves orthopedic tumor surgery.Nevertheless,there are few reports on intramedullary(IM)nailing in the treatment of MM-induced proximal humeral fracture to prevent fixation loss.We here describe a case of pathological fracture of the proximal humerus caused by MM successfully treated with IM nailing without removal of tumors and a review of the current literature.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old male patient complaining of serious left shoulder pain and limited movement was admitted.The patient was finally diagnosed with MM(IgAλ,IIIA/II).After treatment of the pathological fracture with IM nailing,the patient's function recovered and his pain was rapidly relieved.Histopathological examination demonstrated plasma cell myeloma.The patient received chemotherapy in the Hematology Department.The humeral fracture displayed good union during the 40-mo follow-up,with complete healing of the fracture,and the clinical outcome was satisfactory.At the most recent follow-up,the patient's function was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score,which was 29.CONCLUSION Early surgery should be performed for the fracture of the proximal humerus caused by MM.IM nailing can be used without removal of tumors.Bone cement augmentation for bone defects and local adjuvant therapy can also be employed.

The visualization of turbulent coherent structure in open channel flow

Due to its multiscale and multi-layer natures,the coherent structures of turbulent in the open channel flow is complex and difficult to be visualized for understanding its evolution.In this paper,five types of methods for the vortical structure in the fluids,namely the Q-criterion,the vorticity,the Omega method,the velocity-vorticity correlation structures(VVCS)as well as the most recent Rortex method,are adopted to visualize the turbulent flow in the open channel.With the free surface modelled as a free slip boundary,a direct numerical simulation(DNS)is carried out to study the multi-layered flow structure characteristics under the free surface.The visualization results by the Q-criterion,the vorticity,the Omega method and the Rortex are firstly analyzed.Then the turbulent flow layers near the free surface are identified with corresponding anisotropy indices.Afterwards,the VVCS within various turbulence layers are visualized accordingly.This research indicates that the VVCS can straightforwardly show the geometry information of the cohere nt structures of turbulent in different layers for the ope n channel flow.

Applying physics informed neural network for flow data assimilation

Data assimilation(DA)refers to methodologies which combine data and underlying governing equations to provide an estimation of a complex system.Physics informed neural network(PINN)provides an innovative machine learning technique for solving and discovering the physics in nature.By encoding general nonlinear partial differential equations,which govern different physical systems such as fluid flows,to the deep neural network,PINN can be used as a tool for DA.Due to its nature that neither numerical differential operation nor temporal and spatial discretization is needed,PINN is straightforward for implementation and getting more and more attention in the academia.In this paper,we apply the PINN to several flow problems and explore its potential in fluid physics.Both the mesoscopic Boltzmann equation and the macroscopic Navier-Stokes are considered as physics constraints.We first introduce a discrete Boltzmann equation informed neural network and evaluate it with a one-dimensional propagating wave and two-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow.Such laminar cavity flow is also considered as an example in an incompressible Navier-Stokes equation informed neural network.With parameterized Navier-Stokes,two turbulent flows,one within a C-shape duct and one passing a bump,are studied and accompanying pressure field is obtained.Those examples end with a flow passing through a porous media.Applications in this paper show that PINN provides a new way for intelligent flow inference and identification,ranging from mesoscopic scale to macroscopic scale,and from laminar flow to turbulent flow.