Roles of lncRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis,treatment, and the development of drug resistance

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, primarily due to its late diagnosis, high propensity to metastasis, and the development of resistance to chemo-/radiotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are intimately involved in the treatment resistance of pancreatic cancer cells via interacting with critical signaling pathways and may serve as potential diagnostic/prognostic markers or therapeutic targets in PDAC. Data sources: We carried out a systematic review on lnc RNAs-based research in the context of pancreatic cancer and presented an overview of the updated information regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying lnc RNAs-modulated pancreatic cancer progression and drug resistance, together with their potential value in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PDAC. Literature mining was performed in Pub Med with the following keywords: long non-coding RNA, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer up to January 2022. Publications relevant to the roles of lnc RNAs in diagnosis, prognosis, drug resistance, and therapy of PDAC were collected and systematically reviewed. Results: Lnc RNAs, such as HOTAIR, HOTTIP, and PVT1, play essential roles in regulating pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance, thus may serve as potential diagnostic/prognostic markers or therapeutic targets in PDAC. They participate in tumorigenesis mainly by targeting mi RNAs, interacting with signaling molecules, and involving in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Conclusions: The functional lnc RNAs play essential roles in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance and have potential values in diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and treatment of PDAC.

Simultaneous Control of Microorganisms and Disinfection By-products by Sequential Chlorination

Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. Results The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe （including virus） inactivation compared with the free chlorine disinfection process. There seemed to be some synergetic disinfection effect between free chlorine and monochloramine because they attacked different targets. The sequential chlorination disinfection process resulted in 35.7%-77.0% TTHM formation and 36.6%-54.8% THAA5 formation less than the free chlorination process. The poorer the water quality was, the more advantage the sequential chlorination disinfection had over the free chlorination. Conclusion This process takes advantages of free chlorine＇s quick inactivation of microorganisms and chloramine＇s low disinfection by-product （DBP） yield and long-term residual effect, allowing simultaneous control of microbes and DBPs in an effective and economic way.

Effect of FK506 nanospheres on regeneration of allogeneic nerve after transplant

Objective:To discuss effect of FK506 nanospheres used at different time on the regcneration of allogeneic nerve after transplant.Methods:Single emulsion-solvent evaporation method(0/W) was adopted to prepare the FK506 nanospheres and the tibial nerve of rats after allogeneic transplantation.FK506 nanospheres were used in group A after operation immediately,in group B in 24 h after operation,and in group C in 3 d after operation while FK506 nanospheres were not used in group D:in the 4th,8th and 12th week after operation respectively,general observation of transplanted nerves,histological examination,image analysis of myelinated fibers,wetweight determination of musculi triceps surae,retrogradely labeling of neurons by the fluorescein and electrophysiological comparison of bilateral tibial nerve were carried out.Results:FK506nanospheres can be degraded and absorbed quickly.The neural regenerations in group A and B were similar,which were both much belter than those in group C and D.The difference was statistically significant and so was the difference between group C and D.Conclusions:Drug release rate of FK506 nanospheres is accordant with the regeneration law of damaged nerves and the local application can promote the regenerations of nerves.The effect would be better if the drug is used in earlier period(within 24 h).

Specific effects of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinaseinteracting protein 1 in neuronal axons

c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase（JNK）-interacting protein 3 plays an important role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B（Trk B） anterograde axonal transport. It remains unclear whether JNK-interacting protein 1 mediates similar effects, or whether JNK-interacting protein 1 affects the regulation of Trk B anterograde axonal transport. In this study, we isolated rat embryonic hippocampus and cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. Coimmunoprecipitation results demonstrated that JNK-interacting protein 1 formed Trk B complexes in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemistry results showed that when JNK-interacting protein 1 was highly expressed, the distribution of Trk B gradually increased in axon terminals. However, the distribution of Trk B reduced in axon terminals after knocking out JNK-interacting protein 1. In addition, there were differences in distribution of Trk B after JNK-interacting protein 1 was knocked out compared with not. However, knockout of JNK-interacting protein 1 did not affect the distribution of Trk B in dendrites. These findings confirm that JNK-interacting protein 1 can interact with Trk B in neuronal cells, and can regulate the transport of Trk B in axons, but not in dendrites.

Expression and characterization of a CALB-type lipase from Sporisorium reillianum SRZ2 and its potential in short-chain flavor ester synthesis

A lipase from Sporisorium reilianum SRZ2(SRL)with 73%amino acid sequence identity to Candida antarctica lipase B(CALB)was cloned and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris.The recombinant SRL showed a preference for short-chain p-nitrophenyl esters.It achieved maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 65°C for p-nitrophenyl hexanoate(C6)with Km and kcar/Km values of 0.14 mmol·L-1 and 1712 min 1.mmol·L-1 at 30℃,respec-tively.SRL displayed excellent thermostability and pH stability,retaining more than 79%of its initial activity after incubation at 60℃ for 72h and 75%atpH 3to 11 for 72 h.It also maintained most of its activity in the presence of inhibitors and detergents except sodium dodecyl sulfate,and it tolerated organic solvents.SRL was covalently immobilized and successfully used for ethyl hexanoate synthesis in cyclohexane or in a solvent-free system with a high conversion yield(>95%).Furthermore,high con-version yield was also achieved for the synthesis of various short-chain flavor esters when high substrate concentra-tions of2 mol.LI were applied.This study indicated that a.CALB-type lipase from S.reiliamum SRZ2 showed great potential in organic ester synthesis.