Alcohol consumption and dry eye syndrome: a Metaanalysis

AIM：To quantify the association between alcohol consumption and dry eye syndrome（DES） with Meta-analysis of published case-control and cross-sectional studies. METHODS： Three databases were screened for potentially eligible studies through Nov.30,2015,Pub Med,Web of Science,and the Cochrane Library.Odds ratios（ORs） were pooled with 95% confidence intervals（CIs） to evaluate the relationship between alcohol consumption and DES risk.Subgroup analyses were performed according to diagnostic criteria,publication year,sample size,alcohol intake and adjusted factors.RESULTS： A total of 10（9 case-control and 1 crosssectional） studies from 8 articles were included in this Meta-analysis.The pooled results showed that alcohol consumption would significantly increase the risk of DES（OR 1.15,95% CI： 1.02-1.30）,and the results were independent of smoking,hypertension,diabetes and thyroid disease history.And the results of subgroup analyses indicated an increased incidence of DES diagnosed by typical DES symptoms and positive objective tests together（OR 1.18,95% CI： 1.01-1.39）among drinkers,but not by typical DES symptoms alone（OR 1.11,95% CI： 0.94-1.32）.What＇s more,any drinkers were at higher risk of suffering from DES（OR 1.33,95%CI： 1.31-1.34）,while heavy drinkers not（OR 1.01,95% CI：0.86-1.18）.CONCLUSION： The present Meta-analysis suggests that alcohol consumption may be a significant risk factor for DES.Alcohol-induced peripheral neuropathymay falsely reduce the prevalence of DES among heavy drinkers.Future prospective studies of alcohol consumption and DES risk are needed to confirm our results.

Incidence of endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification cataract surgery:a Meta-analysis

AIM:To evaluate the overall endophthalmitis incidence and the effectiveness of potential prophylaxis measures following phacoemulsification cataract surgery(PCS).METHODS:The Pub Med and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to April 30^(th),2021.We included studies that reported on the incidence of endophthalmitis following PCS.The quality of the included studies was critically evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale.The random effect or the fixed-effects model was used to evaluated the pooled incidence based on the heterogeneity.The publication bias was assessed by Egger’s linear regression and Begg’s rank correlation tests.RESULTS:A total of 39 studies containing 5 878 114 eyes were included and critically appraised in the Meta-analysis.For overall incidence of endophthalmitis after PCS,the Meta-analysis yielded a pooled estimate of 0.092%(95%CI:0.083%-0.101%).The incidence appeared to decrease with time(before 2000:0.097%,95%CI:0.060%-0.135%;2000 to 2010:0.089%,95%CI:0.076%-0.101%;after 2010:0.063%,95%CI:0.050%-0.077%).Compared with typical povidone-iodine solution(0.178%,95%CI:0.071%-0.285%) and antibiotics subconjunctival injections(0.047%,95%CI:0.001%-0.095%),the use of intracameral antibiotics significantly reduced the incidence of endophthalmitis after PCS(0.045%,95%CI:0.034%-0.055%,RR:7.942,95%CI:4.510-13.985).CONCLUSION:Due to the advancement of phacoemulsification technology and the widespread use of intracameral antibiotics,the incidence of endophthalmitis following PCS shows a decreasing trend over time.The use of intracameral antibiotics administration will significantly reduce the risk of endophthalmitis.

Dystrophia canthorum in Waardenburg syndrome with a novel MITF mutation

AIM:To reveal a novel MITF gene mutation in Waardenburg syndrome(WS),which is an autosomal dominant inherited neurogenic disorder that consists of various degrees of sensorineural deafness and pigmentary abnormalities in the eyes,hair and skin.METHODS:The genetic analysis of the Chinese family was conducted by whole-exome sequencing,then the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.RESULTS:WS is classified into type I to IV,which are identified by the W index,clinical characteristics and additional features.The MITF gene mostly accounts for WS type II.In this study,a de novo heterozygous mutation in the MITF gene,c.638 A>G in exon 7,was identified in the patient diagnosed with WS type I features,as the W index was 2.17(over 2.10),with dystrophia canthorum,congenital bilateral profound hearing loss,bilateral heterochromia irides,premature greying of the hair,and excessive freckling on the face at birth.She also underwent refractive errors and esotropia,reduced pigmentation of the choroid and visible choroid vessels.The mutation was not found in previous studies or mutation databases.CONCLUSION:The novel mutation in the MITF gene,which altered the protein in amino acids 213 from the glutamic acid to glycine,is the genetic pathological cause for WS features in the patient.Those characteristics of this family revealed a novel genetic heterogeneity of MITF in WS,which expanded the database of MITF mutations and offered a possible in correcting the W index value of WS in distinct ethnicities.Moreover,ocular symptoms should be emphasized in all types of WS patients.

Association of IGF1R polymorphisms(rs1546713) with susceptibility to age-related cataract in a Han Chinese population

AIM:To explore the susceptible association between the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor(IGF1 R)single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)and age-related cataract(ARC),and investigate the underlying mechanisms in human lens epithelium(HLE)cells.METHODS:Totally 1190 unrelated participants,comprising 690 ARC patients and 500 healthy individuals in Han Chinese population were recruited and genotyped for target SNP.Theχ2-test was used to detect genotypic distribution between the patient and control groups and the logistic regression was performed to adjust the age and gender.Meanwhile,different biological experimental methods,such as cell counting kit 8(CCK-8)assay,flow cytometry,quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(Q-PCR)and Western blot,were used to detect cell viability,cell cycle progression and apoptosis in HLE cells or IGF1 R knockdown HLE cells.RESULTS:The rs1546713 in IGF1 R gene was identified(P=0.046,OR:1.606,95%CI:1.245-2.071),which shown a significant relevance with ARC risk under the dominant model.The results demonstrated that IGF1 R knockdown inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrested at S phase and promoting apoptosis.Mechanistically,the cell cycle blocked at S phase was linked with the alterations of cyclin A,cyclin B,cyclin E and P21.The pro-apoptosis function of IGF1 R may related with stimulating the activation of Caspase-3 and altering the expression levels of apoptotic proteins,including Bcl-2,Bax and Caspase-3.CONCLUSION:This study first report that IGF1 R polymorphisms may affect susceptibility to ARCs in Han Chinese population and provide new clues to understand the pathogenic mechanism of ARCs.Notably,IGF1 R is likely a potential target for ARC prevention and treatment.

Metabolic syndrome risk factors and dry eye syndrome:a Meta-analysis

AIM：To explore the relationship between metabolic risk factors and dry eye syndrome（DES）.METHODS：Retrieved studies on the association of metabolic syndrome risk factors（hypertension,hyperglycemia,obesity,and hyperlipidemia） and DES were collected from PubMed,Web of Science,and the Cochrane Library in December 2015.Odds ratio（OR） with 95% confidence interval（Cl） were pooled to evaluate the final relationship.Subgroup analyses were conducted according to diagnostic criteria of DES.RESULTS：Nine cross-sectional studies and three case-control studies were included in this Meta-analysis.The pooled results showed that people with hypertension,hyperglycemia,and hyperlipidemia had a higher risk of suffering from DES（P〈0.05）,especially the typical DES symptoms.On the other hand,obesity did not increase the risk of DES.CONCLUSION：The present Meta-analysis suggests that all metabolic risk factors except obesity were risk factors for DES.

The impact of GJA3 SNPs on susceptibility to age-related cataract

AIM: To determine the association of gap junction protein alpha 3(GJA3) gene tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) with susceptibility to age-related cataract(ARC).METHODS: In total, 486 ARC patients were matched with 500 healthy controls. All the participants underwent complete ophthalmic examinations. Haplotype-tagging SNPs of GJA3 gene were selected from the HapMap Beijing Han Chinese population. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes of all the subjects.Under three different genetic models: dominant, recessive,and additive, the association between SNPs and ARC was examined. After adjusting for age and sex, the genetic effects of the GJA3 SNPs were evaluated with logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Four tag GJA3 SNPs(rs6490519, rs9506430,rs9509053, and rs9552089) were included in the present study. None of the SNPs showed a significant relationship with an altered risk of total ARC under the dominant,recessive, or additive models. In the subgroup analysis,rs9506430 had a significant effect on the formation of a posterior subcapsular cataract(P=0.002, OR: 0.227, 95%CI:0.088-0.590) under the recessive model.CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that GJA3 variants may influence the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Further studies need to be designed to confirm this possibility.