Deep brain stimulation （DBS） is an effective technique for treating Parkinson＇s disease （PD） in the middle and advanced stages. The subthalamic nucleus （STN） is the most common target for clinical treatment usi...Deep brain stimulation （DBS） is an effective technique for treating Parkinson＇s disease （PD） in the middle and advanced stages. The subthalamic nucleus （STN） is the most common target for clinical treatment using DBS. While STN-DBS can significantly improve motor symptoms in PD patients, adverse cognitive effects have also been reported. The specific effects of STN-DBS on cognitive function and the related mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, it is imperative to identify the influence of STN-DBS on cognition and investigate the potential mechanisms to provide a clearer view of the various cognitive sequelae in PD patients. For this review, a literature search was performed using the following inclusion criteria： （1） at least 10 patients followed for a mean of at least 6 months after surgery since the year 2006; （2） pre- and postoperative cognitive data using at least one standardized neuropsychological scale; and （3） adequate reporting of study results using means and standard deviations. Of -170 clinical studies identified, 25 cohort studies （including 15 self-controlled studies, nine intergroup controlled studies, and one multi-center, randomized control experiment） and one meta- analysis were eligible for inclusion. The results suggest that the precise mechanism of the changes in cognitive function after STN-DBS remains obscure, but STN-DBS certainly has effects on cognition. In particular, a progressive decrease in verbal fluency after STN-DBS is consistently reported and although executive function is unchanged in the intermediate stage postoperatively, it tends to decline in the early and later stages. However, these changes do not affect the improvements in quality of life. STN-DBS seems to be safe with respect to cognitive effects in carefully-selected patients during a follow-up period from 6 months to 9 years.展开更多
In order to study the in?uence of the physical state of solder on the interfacial reaction of dip-soldered Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu/Cu system, two kinds of experiments were designed, including:(1) solid-state aging between th...In order to study the in?uence of the physical state of solder on the interfacial reaction of dip-soldered Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu/Cu system, two kinds of experiments were designed, including:(1) solid-state aging between the solder and Cu substrate;(2)liquid-state aging between the metastable supercooled liquid-state solder and Cu substrate. The aging times were 30, 60,120 and 180 min, respectively, and the aging temperature was 8 ℃ lower than the melting point of the Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu(SAC305) alloy(217 ℃). The experimental data revealed that the physical state of the solder obviously affected the formation of the intermetallic compound(IMC), and resulted in the difference in the diffusion of atoms on the interface between the SAC305 solder and Cu substrate. The IMC interface after aging for 30 min presents unique characteristics compared with that of the sample after dip soldering. The IMC interface of solid-state aged SAC305/Cu couple is relatively planar, while the IMC interface under metastable supercooled liquid-state aging conditions presents scallop-like shape.展开更多
The accuracy and sensitivity of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer diagnosis is often poor; however, the reasons for its inaccuracy have rarely been investigated, especially with respect to age. In ...The accuracy and sensitivity of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer diagnosis is often poor; however, the reasons for its inaccuracy have rarely been investigated, especially with respect to age. In this study, 476 healthy males, aged 10-89 years, were stratified into eight age groups, and levels of seven markers were determined： total PSA （tPSA）, free PSA （fPSA）, %fPSA, isoform [-2]proPSA （p2PSA）, p2PSA/tPSA, %p2PSA, and the prostate health index （PHI）. Both tPSA and fPSA levels increased with age. The tPSA level was highest （1.39 ng m1-1） at 70-79 years; %fPSA was highest （0.57 ng ml-1） at 10-19 years; and %p2PSA was lowest （18.33 ng ml-1） at 40-49 years. Both p2PSA and p2PSA/tPSA had relatively flat curves and showed no correlation with age （P = 0.222）. PHI was a sensitive age-associated marker （P 〈 0.05）, with two peaks and one trough. The coverage rates and radiance graphs of PHI and %p2PSA were more distinctive than those of tPSA and the other markers. In subjects older than 69 years, PHI and %p2PSA both began to decrease, approximately 10 years earlier than the decrease in tPSA. Our results suggest that the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer using PSA should be investigated more comprehensively based on patient age. Moreover, %p2PSA and PHI could be considered as earlier markers that may be more suitable than PSA alone.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81071065)
文摘Deep brain stimulation （DBS） is an effective technique for treating Parkinson＇s disease （PD） in the middle and advanced stages. The subthalamic nucleus （STN） is the most common target for clinical treatment using DBS. While STN-DBS can significantly improve motor symptoms in PD patients, adverse cognitive effects have also been reported. The specific effects of STN-DBS on cognitive function and the related mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, it is imperative to identify the influence of STN-DBS on cognition and investigate the potential mechanisms to provide a clearer view of the various cognitive sequelae in PD patients. For this review, a literature search was performed using the following inclusion criteria： （1） at least 10 patients followed for a mean of at least 6 months after surgery since the year 2006; （2） pre- and postoperative cognitive data using at least one standardized neuropsychological scale; and （3） adequate reporting of study results using means and standard deviations. Of -170 clinical studies identified, 25 cohort studies （including 15 self-controlled studies, nine intergroup controlled studies, and one multi-center, randomized control experiment） and one meta- analysis were eligible for inclusion. The results suggest that the precise mechanism of the changes in cognitive function after STN-DBS remains obscure, but STN-DBS certainly has effects on cognition. In particular, a progressive decrease in verbal fluency after STN-DBS is consistently reported and although executive function is unchanged in the intermediate stage postoperatively, it tends to decline in the early and later stages. However, these changes do not affect the improvements in quality of life. STN-DBS seems to be safe with respect to cognitive effects in carefully-selected patients during a follow-up period from 6 months to 9 years.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51465039, 51665038 and 51765040)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (No. 20161BAB206122)the Nature Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (No. 2016JM5085)
文摘In order to study the in?uence of the physical state of solder on the interfacial reaction of dip-soldered Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu/Cu system, two kinds of experiments were designed, including:(1) solid-state aging between the solder and Cu substrate;(2)liquid-state aging between the metastable supercooled liquid-state solder and Cu substrate. The aging times were 30, 60,120 and 180 min, respectively, and the aging temperature was 8 ℃ lower than the melting point of the Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu(SAC305) alloy(217 ℃). The experimental data revealed that the physical state of the solder obviously affected the formation of the intermetallic compound(IMC), and resulted in the difference in the diffusion of atoms on the interface between the SAC305 solder and Cu substrate. The IMC interface after aging for 30 min presents unique characteristics compared with that of the sample after dip soldering. The IMC interface of solid-state aged SAC305/Cu couple is relatively planar, while the IMC interface under metastable supercooled liquid-state aging conditions presents scallop-like shape.
文摘The accuracy and sensitivity of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer diagnosis is often poor; however, the reasons for its inaccuracy have rarely been investigated, especially with respect to age. In this study, 476 healthy males, aged 10-89 years, were stratified into eight age groups, and levels of seven markers were determined： total PSA （tPSA）, free PSA （fPSA）, %fPSA, isoform [-2]proPSA （p2PSA）, p2PSA/tPSA, %p2PSA, and the prostate health index （PHI）. Both tPSA and fPSA levels increased with age. The tPSA level was highest （1.39 ng m1-1） at 70-79 years; %fPSA was highest （0.57 ng ml-1） at 10-19 years; and %p2PSA was lowest （18.33 ng ml-1） at 40-49 years. Both p2PSA and p2PSA/tPSA had relatively flat curves and showed no correlation with age （P = 0.222）. PHI was a sensitive age-associated marker （P 〈 0.05）, with two peaks and one trough. The coverage rates and radiance graphs of PHI and %p2PSA were more distinctive than those of tPSA and the other markers. In subjects older than 69 years, PHI and %p2PSA both began to decrease, approximately 10 years earlier than the decrease in tPSA. Our results suggest that the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer using PSA should be investigated more comprehensively based on patient age. Moreover, %p2PSA and PHI could be considered as earlier markers that may be more suitable than PSA alone.
