·AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of ultrasonic cycloplasty(UCP) vs Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve implantation(ADV) in addition to intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) for tre...·AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of ultrasonic cycloplasty(UCP) vs Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve implantation(ADV) in addition to intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) for treatment of fundus disease-related neovascular glaucoma(NVG).·METHODS: A total of 43 patients(45 eyes) with NVG secondary to fundus diseases underwent anti-VEGF combined with UCP or ADV from August 2020 to March 2022 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Of them, 14 patients(15 eyes) were treated with both UCP and anti-VEGF as the UCP group and 29 patients(30 eyes) treated with both ADV and anti-VEGF as the ADV group. The success of the treatment was defined as intraocular pressure(IOP) between 11-20 mm Hg with or without using IOP-lowering drugs. IOP measurement, IOP lowering drugs at baseline and follow-ups period and complications were recorded.·RESULTS: The average age was 63.03±9.95 and 52.27±12.89y in ADV and UCP groups, respectively(P=1.947). The fundus pathology included proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 42 eyes and retinal vein occlusion in 3 eyes. All eyes in both groups achieved successful treatment at 3mo. While the success rate was 90.0%(27/30) in the ADV group and 86.7%(13/15) in the UCP group at the last follow-up of 6mo(P>0.05). IOP was significantly lower with reduction of drug use than the baseline in both groups(both P<0.05). And the ADV group needed fewer anti-glaucoma drops than the UCP group from 1d to 3mo. The comfort scores of patients in the ADV group were significantly lower than those in the UCP group in the first week after the operation(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION: UCP is an alternative to the ADV with the same efficacy but non-invasive for the treatment of NVG.展开更多
This review provides an overview of diterpene synthases which were initially identified via genetic and/or biochemical means,traversing all organisms researched to date.
The enhanced diffusion in materials under irradiation plays an important role in the long-term microstructural evolution. In this work, the self-ion irradiation in nickel was used as a model system to study the effect...The enhanced diffusion in materials under irradiation plays an important role in the long-term microstructural evolution. In this work, the self-ion irradiation in nickel was used as a model system to study the effect of radiation-enhanced diffusion on the implanted ion profiles. Initially, the depth profiles of vacancies and implanted ions for nickel self-ion irradiation with ion energies up to 15 MeV were computed by the high-efficiency Monte Carlo code IM3D(Irradiation of Materials in 3 D). The results are in good agreement with those predicted by SRIM(Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter).Then, diffusion coefficients as functions of temperature and damage rate were obtained, and the depth-dependent diffusion coefficients at various temperatures and damage rates were also illustrated. For this purpose, we used a temperature-dependent effective sink concentration for nickel, which was estimated from the available experimental investigations on the damage structures of irradiated nickel. At length, case studies on the time evolution of implanted ion profiles under the condition of nickel selfirradiation were performed and discussed based on Fick’s second law. The results help to understand the fundamental diffusion properties in ion irradiation, especially under higher-dose irradiation.展开更多
Correction to:NUCL SCI TECH(2020)31:79 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00791-w In the original publication,there is a mistake in Eq.(9)and its explanations(Sect.2.2).The correction is as follows:Dv=αa^20m0exp(-H^m...Correction to:NUCL SCI TECH(2020)31:79 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00791-w In the original publication,there is a mistake in Eq.(9)and its explanations(Sect.2.2).The correction is as follows:Dv=αa^20m0exp(-H^m/v=kBT)(9)where a0 is the lattice constant and v0 is the attempt frequency for vacancy exchange[1,27],kB is the Boltzmann’s constant.展开更多
Cotton fibers are single-cell trichomes derived from the epidermis of cotton ovules. Analysis of transcripts in developing fiber cells may provide valuable information to understand mechanisms regulation fiber ini... Cotton fibers are single-cell trichomes derived from the epidermis of cotton ovules. Analysis of transcripts in developing fiber cells may provide valuable information to understand mechanisms regulation fiber initiation and growth, as well as to cotton breeding. We have made an array of more than 5000 clones isolated from a cotton ovule ( and the fiber ) cDNA library.
……展开更多
The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound foun...The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound found in Leonurus,has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes.However,the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely unexplored.Here,we present the chromosome-level genome sequence assemblies of Leonurus japonicus,known for its high leonurine production,and Leonurus sibiricus,characterized by very limited leonurine production.By integrating genomics,RNA sequencing,metabolomics,and enzyme activity assay data,we constructed the leonurine biosynthesis pathway and identified the arginine decarboxylase(ADC),uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase(UGT),and serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL)acyltransferase enzymes that catalyze key reactions in this pathway.Further analyses revealed that the UGT–SCPL gene cluster evolved by gene duplication in the ancestor of Leonurus and neofunctionalization of SCPL in L.japonicus,which contributed to the accumulation of leonurine specifically in L.japonicus.Collectively,our comprehensive study illuminates leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution in Leonurus.展开更多
Plants can synthesize a wide range of terpenoids in response to various environmental cues.However,the specific regulatory mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis at the cellular level remain largely elusive.In th...Plants can synthesize a wide range of terpenoids in response to various environmental cues.However,the specific regulatory mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis at the cellular level remain largely elusive.In this study,we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively characterize the transcriptome profile of cotton leaves and established a hierarchical transcriptional network regulating cellspecific terpenoid production.We observed substantial expression levels of genes associated with the biosynthesis of both volatile terpenes(such asβ-caryophyllene andβ-myrcene)and non-volatile gossypol-type terpenoids in secretory glandular cells.Moreover,two novel transcription factors,namely GoHSFA4a and GoNAC42,are identified to function downstream of the Gossypium PIGMENT GLAND FORMATION genes.Both transcription factors could directly regulate the expression of terpenoid biosynthetic genes in secretory glandular cells in response to developmental and environmental stimuli.For convenient retrieval of the single-cell RNA sequencing data generated in this study,we developed a user-friendly web server.Our findings not only offer valuable insights into the precise regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis genes in cotton leaves but also provide potential targets for cotton breeding endeavors.展开更多
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. It has been applied in the trea...Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. It has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia,inflammation and respiratory infections. Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein wogonin are the major bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis. These flavones have been reported to have various pharmacological functions, including anti-cancer,hepatoprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant,anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. In this review,we focus on clinical applications and the pharmacological properties of the medicinal plant and the flavones extracted from it. We also describe biotechnological and metabolic methods that have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the bioactive compounds in Scutellaria.展开更多
Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key e...Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key enzymes of the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of artemisinin can be induced by the phytohormone jasmonate (JA). Here, we report the characterization of two JA-responsive AP2 family transcription factors-AaERF1 and AaERF2-from A. annua L. Both genes were highly expressed in inflorescences and strongly induced by JA. Yeast one- hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that they were able to bind to the CRTDREHVCBF2 (CBF2) and RAVlAAT (RAA) motifs present in both ADS and CYP71AV1 promoters. Transient expression of either AaERF1 or AaERF2 in tobacco induced the promoter activities of ADS or CYP71AV1, and the transgenic A. annua plants overexpressing either transcription factor showed elevated transcript levels of both ADS and CYP71AV1, resulting in increased accumulation of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. By contrast, the contents of these two metabolites were reduced in the RNAi transgenic lines in which expression of AaERF1 or AaERF2 was suppressed. These results demonstrate that AaERF1 and AaERF2 are two positive regulators of artemisinin biosynthesis and are of great value in genetic engineering of arte- misinin production.展开更多
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is important in Chinese traditional medicine where preparations of dried roots,"Huang Qin," are used for liver and lung complaints and as complementary cancer treatments. We re...Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is important in Chinese traditional medicine where preparations of dried roots,"Huang Qin," are used for liver and lung complaints and as complementary cancer treatments. We report a high-quality reference genome sequence for S. baicalensis where 93% of the 408.14-Mb genome has been assembled into nine pseudochromosomes with a super-N50 of 33.2 Mb. Comparison of this sequence with those of closely related species in the order Lamiales, sesamum indicum and Salvia splendens,revealed that a specialized metabolic pathway for the synthesis of 4'-deoxyflavone bioactives evolved in the genus Scu-tellaria. We found that the gene encoding a specific cinnamate coenzyme A ligase likely obtained its newfunc- tion following recent mutations, and that four genes encoding enzymes in the 4'-deoxyflavone pathway are present as tandem repeats in the genome of S. baicalensis. Further analyses revealed that gene duplications, segmental duplication, gene amplification, and point mutations coupled to gene neo- and subfunctionaliza-tions were involved in the evolution of 4'-deoxyflavone synthesis in the genus Scutellaria. Our study not only provides significant insight into the evolution of specific flavone biosynthetic pathways in the mint family, Lamiaceae, but also will facilitate the development of tools for enhancing bioactive productivity by metabolic engineering in microbes or by molecular breeding in plants. The reference genome of S. baicalensis is also useful for improving the genome assemblies for other members of the mint family and offers an important foundation for decoding the synthetic pathways of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants.展开更多
Baicalein, wogonin, and their glycosides are major bioactive compounds found in the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. These flavones can induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines but have no eff...Baicalein, wogonin, and their glycosides are major bioactive compounds found in the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. These flavones can induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines but have no effect on normal cells. Furthermore, they have many additional benefits for human health, such as antioxidant, antiviral, and liver-protective properties. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two CYP450 enzymes, SbCYP82D1.1 and SbCYP82D2, which function as the flavone 6-hydroxylase (F6H) and flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H), respectively, in S. baicalensis. SbCYP82D1.1 has broad substrate speci- ficity for flavones such as chrysin and apigenin and is responsible for biosynthesis of baicalein and scutel- larein in roots and aerial parts of S. baicalensis, respectively. When the expression of SbCYP82D1.1 is knocked down, baicalin and baicalein levels are reduced significantly while chrysin glycosides accumulate in hairy roots. SbCYP82D2 is an F8H with high substrate specificity, accepting only chrysin as its substrate to produce norwogonin, although minor 6-hydroxylation activity can also be detected. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that SbCYP82D2 might have evolved from SbCYP82D1.1 via gene duplication followed by neofunctionalization, whereby the ancestral F6H activity is partially retained in the derived SbCYP82D2.展开更多
Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized(or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional me...Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized(or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Recent development of molecular biology, genomics and functional genomics as well as high-throughput analytical chemical technologies has greatly promoted the research on medicinal plants. In this article, we review recent advances in the elucidation of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in medicinal plants,including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These natural products may share a common upstream pathway to form a limited numbers of common precursors, but are characteristic in distinct modifications leading to highly variable structures. Although this review is focused on traditional Chinese medicine, other plants with a great medicinal interest or potential are also discussed. Understanding of their biosynthesis processes is critical for producing these highly value molecules at large scale and low cost in microbes and will benefit to not only human health but also plant resource conservation.展开更多
Among plant secondary metabolites terpenolds are a structurally most diverse group; they function as phytoalexins In plant direct defense, or as signals In Indirect defense responses which involves herbivores and thei...Among plant secondary metabolites terpenolds are a structurally most diverse group; they function as phytoalexins In plant direct defense, or as signals In Indirect defense responses which involves herbivores and their natural enemies. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the Investigation of the ecological role of plant terpenolds. The biosynthesis pathways of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes Include the synthesis of C5 precursor isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and Its allylic isomer dlmethylallyl dlphosphate (DMAPP), the synthesis of the immediate diphosphate precursors, and the formation of the diverse terpenoids. Terpene synthases (TPSs) play a key role In volatile terpene synthesis. By expression of the TPS genes, significant achievements have been made on metabolic engineering to Increase terpenoid production. This review mainly summarizes the recent research progress In elucidating the ecological role of terpenoids and characterization of the enzymes Involved in the terpenold biosynthesis. Spatial and temporal regulations of terpenoids metabolism are also discussed.展开更多
Plant secondary metabolites play critical roles in plant-environment interactions. They are synthesized in different organs or tissues at particular developmental stages, and in response to various environmental stimu...Plant secondary metabolites play critical roles in plant-environment interactions. They are synthesized in different organs or tissues at particular developmental stages, and in response to various environmental stimuli, both biotic and abiotic. Accordingly, corresponding genes are regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple transcription factors. Several families of transcription factors have been identified to participate in controlling the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. These regulators integrate internal (often developmental) and external signals, bind to corresponding cis-elements -- which are often in the promoter regions -- to activate or repress the expression of enzyme-coding genes, and some of them interact with other transcription factors to form a complex. In this review, we summarize recent research in these areas, with an emphasis on newly-identified transcription factors and their functions in metabolism regulation.展开更多
Plant reproductive organs are vulnerable to heat, but regulation of heat-shock responses in inflorescence is largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that two of the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN- LIKE (SPL) tra...Plant reproductive organs are vulnerable to heat, but regulation of heat-shock responses in inflorescence is largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that two of the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN- LIKE (SPL) transcriptional factors in Arabidopsis, SPL1 and SPL12, act redundantly in thermotolerance at the reproductive stage. The spll-1 sp112-1 inflorescences displayed hypersensitivity to heat stress, whereas overexpression of SPL 1 or SPL 12 enhanced the thermotolerance in both Arabidopsis and tobacco. RNA sequencing revealed 1939 upregulated and 1479 downregulated genes in wild-type inflorescence upon heat stress, among which one-quarter (1,040) was misregulated in spll-1 sp112-1, indicating that SPL1 and SPL12 contribute greatly to the heat-triggered transcriptional reprogramming in inflorescence. Notably, heat stress induced a large number of abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes, of which -39% were disturbed in heat induction in spll-1 sp112-1 inflorescence. Preapplication of ABA and overex- pression of SPL1 restored the inflorescence thermotolerance in spll-1 sp112-1 and in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba2-1, but not in the pyl sextuple mutant defective in ABA receptors PYR 1/PYL 1/PYL2/PYL4/PYL5/ PYL8. Thus, inflorescence thermotolerance conferred by SPL1 and SPL2 involves PYL-mediated ABA signaling. The molecular network consisting of SPL1 and SPL12 illustrated here shed new light on the mechanisms of plant thermotolerance at the reproductive stage.展开更多
Plant cell growth involves a complex interplay among cell-wall expansion, biosynthesis, and, in specific tissues, secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition, yet the coordination of these processes remains elusive. Cotton f...Plant cell growth involves a complex interplay among cell-wall expansion, biosynthesis, and, in specific tissues, secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition, yet the coordination of these processes remains elusive. Cotton fiber cells are developmentally synchronous, highly elongated, and contain nearly pure cellulose when mature. Here, we report that the transcription factor GhTCP4 plays an important role in balancing cotton fiber cell elongation and wall synthesis. During fiber development the expression of miR319 declines while GhTCP4 transcript levels increase, with high levels of the latter promoting SCW deposition. GhTCP4 interacts with a homeobox-containing factor, GhHOX3, and repressing its transcriptional activity. GhTCP4 and GhHOX3 function antagonistically to regulate cell elongation, thereby establishing temporal control of fiber cell transition to the SCW stage. We found that overexpression of GhTCP4A upregulated and accelerated activation of the SCW biosynthetic pathway in fiber cells, as revealed by transcriptome and promoter activity analyses, resulting in shorter fibers with varied lengths and thicker walls. In contrast, GhTCP4 downregulation led to slightly longer fibers and thinner cell walls. The GhHOX3–GhTCP4 complex may represent a general mechanism of cellular development in plants since both are conserved factors in many species, thus providing us a potential molecular tool for the design of fiber traits.展开更多
基金Supported by Xuzhou Health Outstanding Talents Project (No.XWJC001)Critical Special Project for Social Development of Xuzhou City (No.KC21153)。
文摘·AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of ultrasonic cycloplasty(UCP) vs Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve implantation(ADV) in addition to intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) for treatment of fundus disease-related neovascular glaucoma(NVG).·METHODS: A total of 43 patients(45 eyes) with NVG secondary to fundus diseases underwent anti-VEGF combined with UCP or ADV from August 2020 to March 2022 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Of them, 14 patients(15 eyes) were treated with both UCP and anti-VEGF as the UCP group and 29 patients(30 eyes) treated with both ADV and anti-VEGF as the ADV group. The success of the treatment was defined as intraocular pressure(IOP) between 11-20 mm Hg with or without using IOP-lowering drugs. IOP measurement, IOP lowering drugs at baseline and follow-ups period and complications were recorded.·RESULTS: The average age was 63.03±9.95 and 52.27±12.89y in ADV and UCP groups, respectively(P=1.947). The fundus pathology included proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 42 eyes and retinal vein occlusion in 3 eyes. All eyes in both groups achieved successful treatment at 3mo. While the success rate was 90.0%(27/30) in the ADV group and 86.7%(13/15) in the UCP group at the last follow-up of 6mo(P>0.05). IOP was significantly lower with reduction of drug use than the baseline in both groups(both P<0.05). And the ADV group needed fewer anti-glaucoma drops than the UCP group from 1d to 3mo. The comfort scores of patients in the ADV group were significantly lower than those in the UCP group in the first week after the operation(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION: UCP is an alternative to the ADV with the same efficacy but non-invasive for the treatment of NVG.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics,and from the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China.
文摘This review provides an overview of diterpene synthases which were initially identified via genetic and/or biochemical means,traversing all organisms researched to date.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA02040100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11975304)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(19ZR1418100)。
文摘The enhanced diffusion in materials under irradiation plays an important role in the long-term microstructural evolution. In this work, the self-ion irradiation in nickel was used as a model system to study the effect of radiation-enhanced diffusion on the implanted ion profiles. Initially, the depth profiles of vacancies and implanted ions for nickel self-ion irradiation with ion energies up to 15 MeV were computed by the high-efficiency Monte Carlo code IM3D(Irradiation of Materials in 3 D). The results are in good agreement with those predicted by SRIM(Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter).Then, diffusion coefficients as functions of temperature and damage rate were obtained, and the depth-dependent diffusion coefficients at various temperatures and damage rates were also illustrated. For this purpose, we used a temperature-dependent effective sink concentration for nickel, which was estimated from the available experimental investigations on the damage structures of irradiated nickel. At length, case studies on the time evolution of implanted ion profiles under the condition of nickel selfirradiation were performed and discussed based on Fick’s second law. The results help to understand the fundamental diffusion properties in ion irradiation, especially under higher-dose irradiation.
文摘Correction to:NUCL SCI TECH(2020)31:79 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00791-w In the original publication,there is a mistake in Eq.(9)and its explanations(Sect.2.2).The correction is as follows:Dv=αa^20m0exp(-H^m/v=kBT)(9)where a0 is the lattice constant and v0 is the attempt frequency for vacancy exchange[1,27],kB is the Boltzmann’s constant.
文摘 Cotton fibers are single-cell trichomes derived from the epidermis of cotton ovules. Analysis of transcripts in developing fiber cells may provide valuable information to understand mechanisms regulation fiber initiation and growth, as well as to cotton breeding. We have made an array of more than 5000 clones isolated from a cotton ovule ( and the fiber ) cDNA library.
……
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170349 to P.X.)the Chenshan Special Fund for the Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program(G232402 to P.X.)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(YDZX20223100001003 to Y.-H.H.).
文摘The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound found in Leonurus,has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes.However,the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely unexplored.Here,we present the chromosome-level genome sequence assemblies of Leonurus japonicus,known for its high leonurine production,and Leonurus sibiricus,characterized by very limited leonurine production.By integrating genomics,RNA sequencing,metabolomics,and enzyme activity assay data,we constructed the leonurine biosynthesis pathway and identified the arginine decarboxylase(ADC),uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase(UGT),and serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL)acyltransferase enzymes that catalyze key reactions in this pathway.Further analyses revealed that the UGT–SCPL gene cluster evolved by gene duplication in the ancestor of Leonurus and neofunctionalization of SCPL in L.japonicus,which contributed to the accumulation of leonurine specifically in L.japonicus.Collectively,our comprehensive study illuminates leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution in Leonurus.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001400)to J.-Q.H.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32388201)to X.-Y.C.+5 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27020207)to X.-Y.C.the Foundation of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to J.-Q.H.the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2019QNRC001)to J.-Q.H.the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program"Top Team"Project(202305AT350001)to X.-Y.C.Winall Hi-tech Seed Co.,Ltd.(GMLM2023)to X.-Y.C.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172041)to W.G.
文摘Plants can synthesize a wide range of terpenoids in response to various environmental cues.However,the specific regulatory mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis at the cellular level remain largely elusive.In this study,we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively characterize the transcriptome profile of cotton leaves and established a hierarchical transcriptional network regulating cellspecific terpenoid production.We observed substantial expression levels of genes associated with the biosynthesis of both volatile terpenes(such asβ-caryophyllene andβ-myrcene)and non-volatile gossypol-type terpenoids in secretory glandular cells.Moreover,two novel transcription factors,namely GoHSFA4a and GoNAC42,are identified to function downstream of the Gossypium PIGMENT GLAND FORMATION genes.Both transcription factors could directly regulate the expression of terpenoid biosynthetic genes in secretory glandular cells in response to developmental and environmental stimuli.For convenient retrieval of the single-cell RNA sequencing data generated in this study,we developed a user-friendly web server.Our findings not only offer valuable insights into the precise regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis genes in cotton leaves but also provide potential targets for cotton breeding endeavors.
基金supported by CAS/JIC and Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS) joint foundationQZ and CM were supported by the Institute Strategic Program Understanding and Exploiting Plant and Microbial Secondary Metabolism (BB/J004596/1) from the BBSRC to JICQZ and XYC were also supported by the Special Fund for Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program (F132424, F112418 and G152421)
文摘Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. It has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia,inflammation and respiratory infections. Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein wogonin are the major bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis. These flavones have been reported to have various pharmacological functions, including anti-cancer,hepatoprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant,anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. In this review,we focus on clinical applications and the pharmacological properties of the medicinal plant and the flavones extracted from it. We also describe biotechnological and metabolic methods that have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the bioactive compounds in Scutellaria.
基金This research was supported by State Key Basic Research Program of China (2007CB108800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30630008), and the National HighTech Program of China (2007AA021501 ).ACKNO WLEDGMENTS We thank CYP71AV1. discussions Ke-Xuan Tang for supplying the promoter sequence of We thank Ji-Rong Huang and Gao-Jie Hong for he pfu No conflict of interest declared
文摘Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key enzymes of the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of artemisinin can be induced by the phytohormone jasmonate (JA). Here, we report the characterization of two JA-responsive AP2 family transcription factors-AaERF1 and AaERF2-from A. annua L. Both genes were highly expressed in inflorescences and strongly induced by JA. Yeast one- hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that they were able to bind to the CRTDREHVCBF2 (CBF2) and RAVlAAT (RAA) motifs present in both ADS and CYP71AV1 promoters. Transient expression of either AaERF1 or AaERF2 in tobacco induced the promoter activities of ADS or CYP71AV1, and the transgenic A. annua plants overexpressing either transcription factor showed elevated transcript levels of both ADS and CYP71AV1, resulting in increased accumulation of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. By contrast, the contents of these two metabolites were reduced in the RNAi transgenic lines in which expression of AaERF1 or AaERF2 was suppressed. These results demonstrate that AaERF1 and AaERF2 are two positive regulators of artemisinin biosynthesis and are of great value in genetic engineering of arte- misinin production.
基金National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1706200,2018YFD1000701-4)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870282, 31700268 and 31788103)+2 种基金the Fund of Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDY-SSW-SMC026 and 153D31KYSB20160074)the Chenshan Special Fund for Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program (G182401, G172402, G182402, G192413, and G192414)the CAS/JIC and Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS) joint foundation through support to Q.Z., X.Y.C., J.Y., and C.M. Q.Z. and J.Y. were also supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is important in Chinese traditional medicine where preparations of dried roots,"Huang Qin," are used for liver and lung complaints and as complementary cancer treatments. We report a high-quality reference genome sequence for S. baicalensis where 93% of the 408.14-Mb genome has been assembled into nine pseudochromosomes with a super-N50 of 33.2 Mb. Comparison of this sequence with those of closely related species in the order Lamiales, sesamum indicum and Salvia splendens,revealed that a specialized metabolic pathway for the synthesis of 4'-deoxyflavone bioactives evolved in the genus Scu-tellaria. We found that the gene encoding a specific cinnamate coenzyme A ligase likely obtained its newfunc- tion following recent mutations, and that four genes encoding enzymes in the 4'-deoxyflavone pathway are present as tandem repeats in the genome of S. baicalensis. Further analyses revealed that gene duplications, segmental duplication, gene amplification, and point mutations coupled to gene neo- and subfunctionaliza-tions were involved in the evolution of 4'-deoxyflavone synthesis in the genus Scutellaria. Our study not only provides significant insight into the evolution of specific flavone biosynthetic pathways in the mint family, Lamiaceae, but also will facilitate the development of tools for enhancing bioactive productivity by metabolic engineering in microbes or by molecular breeding in plants. The reference genome of S. baicalensis is also useful for improving the genome assemblies for other members of the mint family and offers an important foundation for decoding the synthetic pathways of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants.
文摘Baicalein, wogonin, and their glycosides are major bioactive compounds found in the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. These flavones can induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines but have no effect on normal cells. Furthermore, they have many additional benefits for human health, such as antioxidant, antiviral, and liver-protective properties. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two CYP450 enzymes, SbCYP82D1.1 and SbCYP82D2, which function as the flavone 6-hydroxylase (F6H) and flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H), respectively, in S. baicalensis. SbCYP82D1.1 has broad substrate speci- ficity for flavones such as chrysin and apigenin and is responsible for biosynthesis of baicalein and scutel- larein in roots and aerial parts of S. baicalensis, respectively. When the expression of SbCYP82D1.1 is knocked down, baicalin and baicalein levels are reduced significantly while chrysin glycosides accumulate in hairy roots. SbCYP82D2 is an F8H with high substrate specificity, accepting only chrysin as its substrate to produce norwogonin, although minor 6-hydroxylation activity can also be detected. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that SbCYP82D2 might have evolved from SbCYP82D1.1 via gene duplication followed by neofunctionalization, whereby the ancestral F6H activity is partially retained in the derived SbCYP82D2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200222)Special Fund for Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program(F132424F112418 and G152421)
文摘Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized(or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Recent development of molecular biology, genomics and functional genomics as well as high-throughput analytical chemical technologies has greatly promoted the research on medicinal plants. In this article, we review recent advances in the elucidation of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in medicinal plants,including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These natural products may share a common upstream pathway to form a limited numbers of common precursors, but are characteristic in distinct modifications leading to highly variable structures. Although this review is focused on traditional Chinese medicine, other plants with a great medicinal interest or potential are also discussed. Understanding of their biosynthesis processes is critical for producing these highly value molecules at large scale and low cost in microbes and will benefit to not only human health but also plant resource conservation.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-SW-329), Shanghai Basic Research Programs (03DJ14016), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30370122).
文摘Among plant secondary metabolites terpenolds are a structurally most diverse group; they function as phytoalexins In plant direct defense, or as signals In Indirect defense responses which involves herbivores and their natural enemies. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the Investigation of the ecological role of plant terpenolds. The biosynthesis pathways of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes Include the synthesis of C5 precursor isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and Its allylic isomer dlmethylallyl dlphosphate (DMAPP), the synthesis of the immediate diphosphate precursors, and the formation of the diverse terpenoids. Terpene synthases (TPSs) play a key role In volatile terpene synthesis. By expression of the TPS genes, significant achievements have been made on metabolic engineering to Increase terpenoid production. This review mainly summarizes the recent research progress In elucidating the ecological role of terpenoids and characterization of the enzymes Involved in the terpenold biosynthesis. Spatial and temporal regulations of terpenoids metabolism are also discussed.
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2007CB108800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30630008)
文摘Plant secondary metabolites play critical roles in plant-environment interactions. They are synthesized in different organs or tissues at particular developmental stages, and in response to various environmental stimuli, both biotic and abiotic. Accordingly, corresponding genes are regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple transcription factors. Several families of transcription factors have been identified to participate in controlling the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. These regulators integrate internal (often developmental) and external signals, bind to corresponding cis-elements -- which are often in the promoter regions -- to activate or repress the expression of enzyme-coding genes, and some of them interact with other transcription factors to form a complex. In this review, we summarize recent research in these areas, with an emphasis on newly-identified transcription factors and their functions in metabolism regulation.
文摘Plant reproductive organs are vulnerable to heat, but regulation of heat-shock responses in inflorescence is largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that two of the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN- LIKE (SPL) transcriptional factors in Arabidopsis, SPL1 and SPL12, act redundantly in thermotolerance at the reproductive stage. The spll-1 sp112-1 inflorescences displayed hypersensitivity to heat stress, whereas overexpression of SPL 1 or SPL 12 enhanced the thermotolerance in both Arabidopsis and tobacco. RNA sequencing revealed 1939 upregulated and 1479 downregulated genes in wild-type inflorescence upon heat stress, among which one-quarter (1,040) was misregulated in spll-1 sp112-1, indicating that SPL1 and SPL12 contribute greatly to the heat-triggered transcriptional reprogramming in inflorescence. Notably, heat stress induced a large number of abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes, of which -39% were disturbed in heat induction in spll-1 sp112-1 inflorescence. Preapplication of ABA and overex- pression of SPL1 restored the inflorescence thermotolerance in spll-1 sp112-1 and in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba2-1, but not in the pyl sextuple mutant defective in ABA receptors PYR 1/PYL 1/PYL2/PYL4/PYL5/ PYL8. Thus, inflorescence thermotolerance conferred by SPL1 and SPL2 involves PYL-mediated ABA signaling. The molecular network consisting of SPL1 and SPL12 illustrated here shed new light on the mechanisms of plant thermotolerance at the reproductive stage.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31690092,31788103,31571251)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0100500)the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2016ZX08010002,2016ZX08005003).
文摘Plant cell growth involves a complex interplay among cell-wall expansion, biosynthesis, and, in specific tissues, secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition, yet the coordination of these processes remains elusive. Cotton fiber cells are developmentally synchronous, highly elongated, and contain nearly pure cellulose when mature. Here, we report that the transcription factor GhTCP4 plays an important role in balancing cotton fiber cell elongation and wall synthesis. During fiber development the expression of miR319 declines while GhTCP4 transcript levels increase, with high levels of the latter promoting SCW deposition. GhTCP4 interacts with a homeobox-containing factor, GhHOX3, and repressing its transcriptional activity. GhTCP4 and GhHOX3 function antagonistically to regulate cell elongation, thereby establishing temporal control of fiber cell transition to the SCW stage. We found that overexpression of GhTCP4A upregulated and accelerated activation of the SCW biosynthetic pathway in fiber cells, as revealed by transcriptome and promoter activity analyses, resulting in shorter fibers with varied lengths and thicker walls. In contrast, GhTCP4 downregulation led to slightly longer fibers and thinner cell walls. The GhHOX3–GhTCP4 complex may represent a general mechanism of cellular development in plants since both are conserved factors in many species, thus providing us a potential molecular tool for the design of fiber traits.