Immune remodulation in pediatric inherited metabolic liver diseases

Inherited metabolic liver diseases arise from genetic mutations that lead to dis-ruptions in liver metabolic pathways and are predominantly observed in pedia-tric populations.The spectrum of genetic metabolic liver disorders is diverse,encompassing a range of conditions associated with aberrations in iron,copper,carbohydrate,lipid,protein,and amino acid metabolism.Historically,research in the domain of genetic metabolic liver diseases has predominantly concentrated on hepatic parenchymal cell alterations.Nevertheless,emerging studies suggest that inherited metabolic liver diseases exert significant influences on the immune microenvironment,both within the liver and systemically.This review endeavors to encapsulate the immunological features of genetic metabolic liver diseases,aiming to expand the horizons of researchers in this discipline,and to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms pertinent to hereditary metabolic liver diseases and to propose innovative therapeutic approaches.

Small incision lenticule extraction and femtosecond-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with deep corneal opacity:case series

AIM:To report the safety,efficacy,and accuracy of small-incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)or femtosecondassisted laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)for the correction of myopia or myopic astigmatism in patients with deep corneal opacity denoted by anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT).METHODS:Four patients with monocular corneal opacity(3 due to mechanical injury,1 due to a firecracker wound)were recruited and treated with refractive surgery(3 for SMILE,1 for FS-LASIK combined with limbal relaxing incision(LRI).Preoperative ocular manifestations,surgical details,postoperative visual outcomes,corneal opacity parameters,and corneal topography were analyzed.RESULTS:Preoperatively,spherical diopter ranged from-3.0 D to-4.75 D with cylinder ranging from-0.75 to-5.0 D,and corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)ranging from 20/25 to 20/20.One eye’s corneal opacity was located in the central zone and three were in the mid-peripheral optical zone.Three patients underwent uneventful SMILE in both eyes,whilst one patient underwent FS-LASIK for high astigmatism in both eyes and LRI in the right eye.CDVA of the eye with corneal opacity ranged from 20/22to 20/20 one to six weeks postoperatively.Two patients achieved better CDVA and no patients lost Snellen lines.The postoperative diopter was within±0.75 D for all eyes.Significant edema existed above the corneal opacity in one eye and dissipated soon.No eccentric corneal topography or morphological anomaly of the corneal cap or flap was observed.CONCLUSION:The cases demonstrate that SMILE or FS-LASIK is safe and effective to treat myopic astigmatism combined with deep corneal opacity lesions after comprehensive preoperative evaluation and appropriate candidate selection.FS-LASIK combined with LRI is also sufficient for correcting high astigmatism due to corneal scarring.

Efficiency-enhanced AlGaInP light-emitting diodes using transparent plasmonic silver nanowires

Silver nanowire（AgNW） networks have been demonstrated to exhibit superior transparent and conductive performance over that of indium-doped tin oxide（ITO） and have been proposed to replace ITO, which is currently widely used in optoelectronic devices despite the scarcity of indium on Earth. In this paper, the current spreading and enhanced transmittance induced by AgNWs, which are two important factors influencing the light output power, were analyzed. The enhanced transmittance was studied by finite-difference time-domain simulation and verified by cathodoluminescence measurements.The enhancement ratio of the light output power decreased as the Ga P layer thickness increased, with enhancement ratio values of 79%, 52%, and 15% for Ga P layer thicknesses of 0.5 μm, 1 μm, and 8 μm, respectively, when an AgNW network was included in Al Ga In P light-emitting diodes. This was because of the decreased current distribution tunability of the AgNW network with the increase of the Ga P layer thickness. The large enhancement of the light output power was caused by the AgNWs increasing carrier spread out of the electrode and the enhanced transmittance induced by the plasmonic AgNWs. Further decreasing the sheet resistance of AgNW networks could raise their light output power enhancement ratio.

Scalability of dark current in silicon PIN photodiode

The mechanism for electrical conduction is investigated by the dark temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of Si PIN photodiodes with different photosensitive areas.The characteristic tunneling energy E（00） can be obtained to be 1.40 me V,1.53 me V,1.74 me V,1.87 me V,and 2.01 me V,respectively,for the photodiodes with L = 0.25 mm,0.5 mm,1 mm,1.5 mm,and 2 mm by fitting the ideality factor n versus temperature curves according to the tunneling-enhanced recombination mechanism.The trap-assisted tunneling-enhanced recombination in the i-layer plays an important role in our device,which is consistent with the experimental result that area-dependent leakage current is dominant with the side length larger than 1 mm of the photosensitive area.Our results reveal that the quality of the bulk material plays an important role in the electrical conduction mechanism of the devices with the side length larger than 1 mm of the photosensitive area.