Operative link on gastritis assessment stage is an appropriate predictor of early gastric cancer

AIM: To assess the predictive value of Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment(OLGA) and Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment(OLGIM) stages in gastric cancer.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 71 patients with early gastric cancer(EGC) and 156 patients with non-EGC. All patients underwent endoscopic examination and systematic biopsy. Outcome measures were assessed and compared, including the Japanese endoscopic gastric atrophy(EGA) classification method and the modified OLGA method as well as the modified OLGIM method. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) status was determined for all study participants. Stepwise logistic regression modeling was performed to analyze correlations between EGC and the EGA, OLGA and OLGIM methods.RESULTS: For patients with EGC and patients with non-EGC, the proportions of moderate-to-severe EGA cases were 64.8% and 44.9%, respectively(P = 0.005), the proportions of OLGA stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ cases were 52.1% and 22.4%, respectively(P < 0.001), and the proportions of OLGIM stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ cases were42.3% and 19.9%, respectively(P < 0.001). OLGA stage and OLGIM stage were significantly related to EGA classification; specifically, logistic regression modeling showed significant correlations between EGC and moderate-to-severe EGA(OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.06-3.58, P = 0.031) and OLGA stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(OR = 3.14, 95%CI: 1.71-5.81, P < 0.001), but no significant correlation between EGC and OLGIM stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(P = 0.781). H. pylori infection rate was significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe EGA(75.0% vs 54.1%, P = 0.001) or OLGA/OLGIM stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(OLGA: 83.6% vs 55.8%, P < 0.001; OLGIM: 83.6% vs 57.8%, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: OLGA classification is optimal for EGC screening. A surveillance program including OLGA stage and H. pylori infection status may facilitate early detection of gastric cancer.

Effects of process parameters on morphology and distribution of externally solidified crystals in microstructure of magnesium alloy die castings

During the cold-chamber high pressure die casting(HPDC) process, samples were produced to investigate the microstructure characteristics of AM60B magnesium alloy. Special attention was paid to the effects of process parameters on the morphology and distribution of externally solidified crystals(ESCs) in the microstructure of magnesium alloy die castings, such as slow shot phase plunger velocity, delay time of pouring and fast shot phase plunger velocity. On the basis of metallographic observation and quantitative statistics, it is concluded that a lower slow shot phase plunger velocity and a longer delay time of pouring both lead to an increment of the size and percentage of the ESCs, due to the fact that a longer holding time of the melt in the shot sleeve will cause a more severe loss of the superheat. The impingement of the melt flow on the ESCs is more intensive with a higher fast shot phase plunger velocity, in such case the ESCs reveal a more granular and roundish morphology and are dispersed throughout the cross section of the castings. Based on analysis of the filling and solidification processes of the melt during the HPDC process, reasonable explanations were proposed in terms of the nucleation, growth, remelting and fragmentation of the ESCs to interpret the effects of process parameters on the morphology and distribution of the ESCs in the microstructure of magnesium alloy die castings.

Hyperamylasemia is associated with increased intestinal permeability in patients undergoing diagnostic oral double-balloon enteroscopy

AIM:To investigate the correlations between serum amylase levels,intestinal permeability(IP),and pancreatic injury and to explore the mechanisms responsible for hyperamylasemia in double-balloon enteroscopy(DBE).METHODS:A prospective study was conducted in 20patients who underwent DBE from August 1,2008 to February 28,2009.Serum amylase was examined 0,2,6 and 24 h post-DBE,C-reactive protein and lipase were examined at 24 h,and urine lactulose,mannitol,and trypsinogen-Ⅱ(TRY-Ⅱ)levels were measured at6 h.Lactulose/mannitol ratio indicated IP,and TRY-Ⅱindicated pancreatic injuries.Procedure duration and enteroscope insertion length were recorded.RESULTS:Twelve patients underwent oral DBE(M:F,5:7;mean age 50.42±11.11 years)and 8 underwent anal DBE(M:F,5:3;mean age 44.75±12.66 years).They all showed significantly increased post-DBE serum amylase.Amylase and lipase levels were higher in the oral DBE group(P<0.05).Hyperamylasemia was diagnosed in 9(75.0%)patients undergoing oral DBE.Only patients receiving oral DBE showed increased postprocedure IP,which correlated with increased serum amylase(r=0.611,P=0.035)and procedure duration(r=0.668,P=0.018).Adverse events included one oral case with pancreatic injury(elevated TRY-Ⅱ)and two cases of abdominal discomfort in each group.Pancreatitis was not reported.CONCLUSION:Hyperamylasemia correlates with increased IP and clinically undetectable pancreatic injuries.DBE could cause intestinal mucosa damage,which may result in IP elevation and increased amylase absorption,necessitating improvements and standardization of DBE methods.

On the Relation Between Coronal Green Line Brightness and Magnetic Fields Intensity

Two-dimensional(2 D) solar coronal magnetogram is difficult to be measured directly until now.From the previous knowledge,a general relation has been noticed that the brighter green-line brightness for corona,the higher coronal magnetic field intensity may correspond to.To try to further reveal the relationship between coronal green line brightness and magnetic field intensity,we use the 2 D coronal images observed by Yunnan Observatories Greenline Imaging System(YOGIS) of the 10 cm Lijiang coronagraph and the coronal magnetic field maps calculated from the current-free extrapolations with the photospheric magnetograms taken by Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager(HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO) spacecraft.In our analysis,we identified the coronal loop structures and construct two-dimensional maps of the corresponding magnetic field intensity in the plane of the sky(POS) above the limb.We derive the correlation coefficients between the coronal brightness and the magnetic field intensity for different heights of coronal layers.We further use a linear combination of a Gaussian and a quadratic profile to fit the correlation coefficients distribution,finding a largest correlation coefficient of 0.82 near 1.1 R(solar radii) where is almost the top of the closed loop system.For the small closed loop system identified,the correlation coefficient distributions crossing and covering the loop are calculated.We also investigate the correlation with extended heliocentric latitude zones and long period of one whole Carrington Rotation,finding again that the maximum correlation coefficient occurs at the same height.It is the first time for us to find that the correlation coefficients are high(all are larger than 0.8) at the loop-tops and showing poor correlation coefficients with some fluctuations near the feet of the coronal loops.Our findings indicate that,for the heating of the low-latitude closed loops,both DC(dissipation of currents) and AC(dissipation of Alfvén and magnetosonic waves) mechanisms should act simultaneously on the whole closed loop system while the DC mechanisms dominate in the loop-top regions.Therefore,in the distributions of the correlation coefficients with different heights of coronal layers,for both large-and small-scale latitude ranges,the coefficients can reach their maximum values at the same coronal height of 1.1 R,which may indicate the particular importance of the height of closed loops for studying the coupling of the local emission mechanism and the coronal magnetic fields,which maybe helpful for studying the origin of the low-speed solar wind.

Mathematical Modeling of Carcinogenesis Based on Chromosome Aberration Data

Objective:The progression of human cancer is characterized by the accumulation of genetic instability. An increasing number of experimental genetic molecular techniques have been used to detect chromosome aberrations. Previous studies on chromosome abnormalities often focused on identifying the frequent loci of chromosome alterations,but rarely addressed the issue of interrelationship of chromosomal abnormalities. In the last few years,several mathematical models have been employed to construct models of carcinogenesis,in an attempt to identify the time order and cause-and-effect relationship of chromosome aberrations. The principles and applications of these models are reviewed and compared in this paper. Mathematical modeling of carcinogenesis can contribute to our understanding of the molecular genetics of tumor development,and identification of cancer related genes,thus leading to improved clinical practice of cancer.

Comparison of the Coronal Green-line Intensities with the EUV Measurements from SDO/AIA

The intensity of the green line(Fe ⅩⅣ 5303 A) is the strongest in the visible spectrum of the solar corona,and this line has been used as long-term powerful diagnostic tools for studying the coronal configurations and hot plasma dynamics.However,it remains unclear and an open question whether there exists close relationship between the green line intensities and the coronal extreme ultraviolet(EUV) line emissions for various coronal structures.In this paper,we use the green-line data by the Lijiang YOGIS Lyot coronagraph and the EUV data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly instruments in order to perform direct comparisons and analyses,based on two algorithms developed to extract particular features in the low corona.It is found that,among the correlation coefficients obtained between the intensities of 5303 A and the EUV lines,the coefficients between the green line and the 211 A wavelength for different coronal structures and different limb locations always keep the highest values(ranging from 0.89 to 0.99),which has not been reported before.This result can be helpful and promising to link together the various physical processes involved at different heights in the corona by precisely tracking the bright loops or other features observed in 5303 A above the limb down to the correct surface locations revealed by the 211 A data.Furthermore,the ground-based observations of the coronal green line and the space-based EUV observations at 211 A can advantageously complement each other when there is a need.

An optimized numerical method to pre-researching the performance of solid-phase oxygen control in a non-isothermal lead–bismuth eutectic loop

In the present work,a new transient calculation method for parameters that can be used to evaluate the ability of oxygen control in a non-isothermal lead-bismuth eutectic(LBE)loop with solid-phase oxygen control was proposed.It incorporates the dissolution process of PbO particles and the oxygen mass transfer process,and an optimized method was used for finding out the optimized oxygen mass transfer coefficient.In numerical terms,three mass transfer models were simultaneously applied,and comparisons of calculated and experimental results from the CRAFT loop indicated that the optimized calculation method and these new oxygen mass transfer models were correct and applicable to other LBE loops.Through this calculation method,we aimed to optimize prediction of the distribution of oxygen and iron concentrations,time taken to establish the steady state of oxygen,and maximum dissolution/precipitation rates of corrosion products and corrosion depth across the entire LBE loop.We hope that this work will provide a potential reference for designing a more intelligent oxygen control system in the future.

Band alignment between NiO_(x) and nonpolar/semipolar GaN planes for selective-area-doped termination structure

Band alignment between NiO_(x) and nonpolar GaN plane and between NiO_(x) and semipolar GaN plane are measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. They demonstrate that the maximum value of the valence band in the unintentional-doped a-plane, m-plane, and r-plane GaN are comparable to each other, which means that all the substrates are of n-type with similar background carrier concentrations. However, the band offset at the NiO_(x)/GaN interface presents obvious crystalline plane dependency although they are coated with the same NiO_(x) films. By fitting the Ga 3 d spectrum obtained from the NiO_(x)/GaN interface, we find that relatively high Ga–O content at the interface corresponds to a small band offset. On the one hand, the high Ga–O content on the GaN surface will change the growth mode of NiO_(x). On the other hand, the affinity difference between Ga and O forms a dipole which will introduce an extra energy band bending.

5’tiRNA-Pro-TGG,a novel tRNA halve,promotes oncogenesis in sessile serrated lesions and serrated pathway of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Transfer RNA(tRNA)-derived small RNAs(tsRNAs)are small fragments that form when tRNAs severe.tRNA halves(tiRNAs),a subcategory of tsRNA,are involved in the oncogenic processes of many tumors.However,their specific role in sessile serrated lesions(SSLs),a precancerous lesion often observed in the colon,has not yet been elucidated.AIM To identify SSL-related tiRNAs and their potential role in the development of SSLs and serrated pathway of colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS Small-RNA sequencing was conducted in paired SSLs and their adjacent normal control(NC)tissues.The expression levels of five SSL-related tiRNAs were validated by q-polymerase chain reaction.Cell counting kit-8 and wound healing assays were performed to detect cell proliferation and migration.The target genes and sites of tiRNA-1:33-Pro-TGG-1(5′tiRNA-Pro-TGG)were predicted by TargetScan and miRanda algorithms.Metabolism-associated and immune-related pathways were analyzed by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis.Functional analyses were performed to establish the roles of 5′tiRNA-Pro-TGG based on the target genes.RESULTS In total,we found 52 upregulated tsRNAs and 28 downregulated tsRNAs in SSLs compared to NC.The expression levels of tiRNA-1:33-Gly-CCC-2,tiRNA-1:33-Pro-TGG-1,and tiRNA-1:34-Thr-TGT-4-M25′tiRNAs were higher in SSLs than those in NC,while that of 5′tiRNA-Pro-TGG was associated with the size of SSLs.It was demonstrated that 5′tiRNAPro-TGG promoted cell proliferation and migration of RKO cell in vitro.Then,heparanase 2(HPSE2)was identified as a potential target gene of 5′tiRNA-Pro-TGG.Its lower expression was associated with a worse prognosis in CRC.Further,lower expression of HPSE2 was observed in SSLs compared to normal controls or conventional adenomas and in BRAF-mutant CRC compared to BRAF-wild CRC.Bioinformatics analyses revealed that its low expression was associated with a low interferonγresponse and also with many metabolic pathways such as riboflavin,retinol,and cytochrome p450 drug metabolism pathways.CONCLUSION tiRNAs may profoundly impact the development of SSLs.5′tiRNA-Pro-TGG potentially promotes the progression of serrated pathway CRC through metabolic and immune pathways by interacting with HPSE2 and regulating its expression in SSLs and BRAF-mutant CRC.In the future,it may be possible to use tiRNAs as novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of SSLs and as potential therapeutic targets in serrated pathway of CRC.

高浓度锌离子对酸性体系中闪锌矿可浮性的影响

通过浮选实验、zeta电位测试、接触角测量和X射线光电子能谱研究高浓度Zn^(2+)对闪锌矿在酸性体系中可浮性的影响。结果表明,Zn^(2+)吸附于闪锌矿表面,且当pH=4和Zn^(2+)浓度为4×10^(−2) mol/L时,在闪锌矿表面形成Zn-羟基络合物。zeta电位增加且接触角从84.80°减小到36.48°,从而极大地抑制闪锌矿的可浮性。当单独以S^(2−)或Cu^(2+)作为活化剂时,无法活化吸附Zn^(2+)后的闪锌矿,其接触角也无明显变化;而采用S^(2−)与Cu^(2+)组合活化剂时,吸附Zn^(2+)后的闪锌矿可被活化而浮选。这归因于S2−可先将闪锌矿表面的Zn-羟基络合物消除,Cu^(2+)即可吸附在闪锌矿表面上并形成Cu2S∙S0疏水膜。

真空压铸过程中不同工艺条件对界面换热行为的影响（英文）

真空压铸可减小铸造过程中的"气隙"现象。基于不同压铸条件,如低速速度(V_L)、高速速度(V_H)、浇注温度(T_p)和模具初始温度(T_m),通过实验测量金属与模具界面的温度,采用反算法获得真空条件下界面换热系数。结果表明,真空系统的应用使铸件与模具更加紧密接触,明显提高界面换热系数值并减小铸件的晶粒尺寸;当浇注温度由680°C提高到720°C或低速速度由0.1 m/s提高到0.4 m/s时,界面换热系数峰值随之提高,而高速速度和模具初始温度对界面换热系数的影响可以忽略。

急性心肌梗死后血浆可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白与左心室重构的关系

目的探讨接受急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗的急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者血浆可溶性生长刺激表达基因2(soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2,sST2)蛋白与左心室结构和功能的关系。方法入选2017-06-01 ~ 2018-05-31南京市第一医院首次确诊AMI并行急诊PCI治疗患者92例,术后第5天采集患者血标本,根据血清sST2浓度水平将患者分为sST2升高组(sST2≥ 35 ng/mL)和sST2正常组(sST2 < 35 ng/mL),超声心动图评价患者左心室重构和心功能。结果 AMI患者PCI术后第5天血清sST2浓度升高患者的左心室舒张末内径(1eft ventricular end diastolic diammeter, LVEDD)、左心室舒张末容积(1eft ventricular end diastolic volume,LVEDV)和左心室质量指数(1eft ventricular mass index, LVMI)明显高于sST2 正常患者(P < 0.01或P < 0.05),左心室射血分数(1eft ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)则明显低于sST2 正常组(P < 0.05),但两组氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)浓度并无统计学差异。sST2和高血压是左室重构的独立预测因素。结论血浆sST2浓度升高是AMI早期左心室偏心性重构的独立相关因素。

真空压铸镁合金AE44缺陷带的组织特征及形成机理

研究真空压铸镁合金AE44的显微组织,重点关注缺陷带的组织特征及形成机理。实验中普遍观察到的双缺陷带将压铸试样横截面划分为5个部分,各部分的晶粒形态与尺寸分布存在较大差异。心部缺陷带显著宽于表层缺陷带。双缺陷带均为溶质偏析带,Al;RE;相面积分数均高于周围区域。压铸镁合金AE44缺陷带内未观察到明显的孔洞聚集现象,这是由镁合金AE44较窄的凝固温度区间以及金属间化合物相析出过程中释放出大量的潜热造成的。缺陷带的形成与作用于半固态合金的剪切应力有关,剪切应力会导致半固态区域晶粒骨架崩塌。然而,表层及心部缺陷带处的剪切应力形成机制大不相同。

Intestinal microflora molecular markers of spleen-deficient rats and evaluation of traditional Chinese drugs

AIM:To find a rapid and efficient analysis method of gastrointestinal microflora in Pi-deficient(spleen-deficient) rats and to evaluate traditional Chinese drugs.METHODS:Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR(ERIC-PCR) based assay was performed to examine changes of intestinal microflora in two Pi-deficienct animal models and to evaluate the efficacy of four traditional Chinese drugs as well as a probiotic recipe and another therapy in Pi-deficient rats.RESULTS:A molecular marker was identified for Pi-deficiency in rats.The pharmacodynamic evaluation system,including identified molecular markers(net integral area and abundance of DNA bands),Shannon's index for diversity of intestinal microflora,and Sorenson's pairwise similarity coefficient,was established.The four major clinical recipes of traditional Chinese drugs for Pi-deficiency in rats,especially at their medium dose(equivalence to the clinical dose),produced more pronounced recovery activities in Pi-deficient rats,while higher doses of these recipes did not show a better therapeutic effect but some toxic effects such as perturbation deterioration of intestinal microflora.CONCLUSION:Both fingerprint analysis and identified marker can show Pi-deficiency in rats and its difference after treatment.The identified molecular marker may be applied in screening for the active compounds both in relative traditional Chinese drugs and in pharmacodynamic study of Pi-deficiency in rats.

The Short-term Effects of Temperature on Infectious Diarrhea among Children under 5 Years Old in Jiangsu,China:A Time-series Study(2015-2019)

The association between meteorological factors and infectious diarrhea has been widely studied in many countries.However,investigation among children under 5 years old in Jiangsu,China remains quite limited.Data including infectious diarrhea cases among children under five years old and daily meteorological indexes in Jiangsu,China from 2015 to 2019 were collected.The lag-effects up to 21 days of daily maximum temperature(Tmax)on infectious diarrhea were explored using a quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag non-linear model(DLNM)approach.The cases number of infectious diarrhea was significantly associated with seasonal variation of meteorological factors,and the burden of disease mainly occurred among children aged 0-2 years old.Moreover,when the reference value was set at 16.7°C,Tmax had a significant lag-effect on cases of infectious diarrhea among children under 5 years old in Jiangsu Province,which was increased remarkably in cold weather with the highest risk at 8℃.The results of DLNM analysis implicated that the lag-effect of Tmax varied among the 13 cities in Jiangsu and had significant differences in 8 cities.The highest risk of Tmax was presented at 5 lag days in Huaian with a maximum RR of 1.18(95% CI:1.09,1.29).Suzhou which had the highest number of diarrhea cases(15830 cases),had a maximum RR of 1.04(95%CI:1.03,1.05)on lag 15 days.Tmax is a considerable indicator to predict the epidemic of infectious diarrhea among 13 cities in Jiangsu,which reminds us that in cold seasons,more preventive strategies and measures should be done to prevent infectious diarrhea.

Interfacial heat transfer behavior at metal/die in finger-plated casting during high pressure die casting process

Heat transfer at the metal-die interface has a great influence on the solidification process and casting structure. As thin-wall components are extensively produced by high pressure die casting process(HPDC), the B390 alloy finger-plate casting was cast against an H13 steel die on a cold-chamber HPDC machine. The interfacial heat transfer behavior at different positions of the die was carefully studied using an inverse approach based on the temperature measurements inside the die. Furthermore, the filling process and the solidification rate in different finger-plates were also given to explain the distribution of interfacial heat flux(q) and interfacial heat transfer coefficient(h). Measurement results at the side of sprue indicates that qmax and hmax could reach 9.2 MW·m^(-2) and 64.3 kW ·m^(-2)·K^(-1), respectively. The simulation of melt flow in the die reveals that the thinnest(T_1) finger plate could accelerate the melt flow from 50 m·s^(-1) to 110 m·s^(-1). Due to this high velocity, the interfacial heat flux at the end of T_1 could firstly reach a highest value 7.92 MW·m^(-2) among the ends of T_n(n=2,3,4,5). In addition, the q_(max) and h_(max) values of T_2, T_4 and T_5 finger-plates increase with the increasing thickness of the finger plate. Finally, at the rapid decreasing stage of interfacial heat transfer coefficient(h), the decreasing rate of h has an exponential relationship with the increasing rate of solid fraction(f).

Site testing campaign for the Large Optical/infrared Telescope of China:general introduction of the Daocheng site

The Daocheng site is one of the three candidate sites for the Large Optical/infrared Telescope(LOT)of China.It was discovered by Yunnan Observatories during the survey of potential sites for the next-generation large-aperture solar telescopes of China.This paper describes the overview of the site,the observation platform and the monitor instrument.In addition,simple statistical results are presented(from November,2016 up to December,2017).Detailed data results can refer to the overview of LOT site testing and data analysis articles,which were published during the same period.

Genetic relationship between parasitized and non-parasitized Haloxylon ammodendron in the Alxa Desert

Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge is a host for the holoparasitic plant Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma, the original source of medicinal material known as Herba Cistanchis. The inter-simple sequence repeat marker was used to assess the genetic variations and relationships among six accessions of H. ammodendron with a total of 120 individuals collected from three localities in the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, China. At each locality, individuals both parasitized (PP) by C. deserticola and non-parasitized (NP) were sampled. The results showed that Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's index of PP accessions were higher, but were not significantly different, from those of NP accessions. An unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average dendrogram showed two clusters, one that included all PP accessions, and the other the NP accessions. Genetic differentiation therefore existed between PP and NP accessions, which might be attributed to low gene flow between the NP and PP groups (Nm<1). However, the relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance within each group, although not statistically significant in this study, might be associated with high gene flow in both the NP and PP groups.

Point source detection performance of Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope imaging observation

The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(HXMT) will perform an all-sky survey in the hard X-ray band as well as deep imaging of a series of small sky regions.We expect various compact objects to be detected in these imaging observations. Point source detection performance of HXMT imaging observation depends not only on the instrument but also on the data analysis method that is applied since images are reconstructed from HXMT observed data with numerical methods. The denoising technique used plays an important part in the HXMT imaging data analysis pipeline along with demodulation and source detection. In this paper we have implemented several methods for denoising HXMT data and evaluated the point source detection performances in terms of sensitivities and location accuracies. The results show that direct demodulation with 1-fold cross-correlation should be the default reconstruction and regularization method, although both sensitivity and location accuracy could be further improved by selecting and tuning numerical methods in data analysis used for HXMT imaging observations.

Temperature-Dependent Characteristics of GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes with TiN and Ni Anodes

The effect of temperature on the characteristics of gallium nitride (GaN) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with TiN and Ni anodes is evaluated. With increasing the temperature from 25 to 175℃, reduction of the turn-on voltage and increase of the leakage current are observed for both GaN SBDs with TiN and Ni anodes. The performance after thermal treatment shows much better stability for SBDs with Ti N anode, while those with Ni anode change due to more interface states. It is found that the leakage currents of the GaN SBDs with TiN anode are in accord with the thermionic emission model whereas those of the GaN SBDs with Ni anode are much higher than the model. The Silvaco TCAD simulation results show that phonon-assisted tunneling caused by interface states may lead to the instability of electrical properties after thermal treatment, which dominates the leakage currents for GaN SBDs with Ni anode. Compared with GaN SBDs with Ni anode, GaN SBDs with TiN anode are beneficial to the application in microwave power rectification fields due to lower turn-on voltage and better thermal stability.