Initiating Characteristics of Early-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Patients

Background： Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） has traditionally been considered to affect mainly the elderly; however, the age at diagnosis has gradually reduced in recent years. Although the incidence of young-onset T2DM is increasing, it is still not fully clear the onset characteristics and risk factors of early-onset T2DM. The aim of this study was to describe the initiating characteristics of early-onset T2DM in Chinese patients and evaluate the risk factors fbr diabetes mellitus. Methods： This cross-sectional controlled study was performed using a questionnaire survey method in outpatients of multiple centers in China. A total of 1545 patients with T2DM with an age at onset of 〈40 years were included, and the control group consisted of subjects aged 〈40 years with normal blood glucose level. Results： In patients with young-onset T2DM, the mean age and initial hemoglobin IAc at diagnosis were 32.96 ± 5.40 years and 9.59 ± 2.71%, respectively. Most of the patients were obese, followed irregular diet pattern and sedentary lifestyle, had life or work pressure, and had a family history of diabetes mellitus. Compared with subjects with normal blood glucose level, logistic regression analysis showed that waist-to-hip ratio （odds ratio [OR] 446.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 42.37±4714.87）, family history of diabetes mellitus （OR 23.46, CI71 14.47- 38.03）, dyslipidemia （OR 2.65, U1 1.54-4.56）, diastolic blood pressure （OR 1.02, CI 1.00 1.04）, and body mass index （OR 0.95, C1 0.92-0.99） are independent factors tbr early-onset T2DM. Conclusions： We observed that abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes mellitus, and medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia are independent risk factors for early-onset T2DM. It is, therefore, necessary to apply early lifestyle intervention in young people with risk of diabetes mellitus.

Jinbei Oral Liquid ameliorates bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in rats via reversion of Th1/Th2 shift

Objective:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a progressive and lethal interstitial lung disease with high mortality.The pivotal role of Th1/Th2 immunological balance in the development and progression of IPF has been demonstrated previously.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Jinbei Oral Liquid(JBOL)on IPF and its relationship with Th1/Th2 shift.Methods:Rats were divided into six groups:control group,model group(bleomycin),pirfenidone group(positive group,54 mg/kg,i.g.)and JBOL(5.4,10.8 and 21.6 mL/kg,i.g.)groups.The rat model was established by an intratracheal instillation of bleomycin(BLM,5 mg/kg).One day after injection of BLM,pirfenidone or JBOL was given to rats once daily within 28 consecutive days,respectively.Positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)was performed on the treated rats.The extent of alveolitis and fibrosis was observed by H&E and Masson trichrome staining.The contents of TGF-β1,TNF-α,IL-4 and IFN-γwere further quantified by ELISA assay.Results:PET/CT and histopathological evidence showed the ability of JBOL to attenuate bleomycininduced alveolitis and fibrosis extent,and the alveolitis lesion score was markedly decreased compared with the model group.The increased expression of inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and TNF-αinduced by bleomycin was also suppressed by JBOL.The Th1 response was limited by the reduced IFN-γafter BLM administration,and the Th2 response predominated significantly marked by the increased IL-4.JBOL could increase the level of IFN-γand markedly increased the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4.Conclusion:These findings suggested that JBOL may attenuate BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via reducing inflammatory cell infiltration,pro-inflammatory cytokine release and excessive collagen deposition in rats.One of the mechanisms is the reversion of Th1/Th2 shift caused by BLM.