An overview on observational instruments and measuring methods for dewfall

This paper systematically summarizes previous measuring methods and observational instruments for the magnitude of dewfall on land surface, analyzes the characteristics of common observational instruments for land surface dewfall, and describes several basic dewfall measurement methods. Moreover, the basic principles of these methods and instruments are interpreted, and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability are analyzed. Recommendations for the further improvement of these observational instruments and the development of dewfall measuring methods are presented, and new technologies and scientific proposals for exploiting dewfall are elucidated.

北方蒸散对气候变暖响应随降水类型转换特征

地表蒸散量是对全球气候变暖响应最显著的水分循环分量,但以往不同研究得出的气候变暖背景下各地地表蒸散量的变化趋势差异很大,有时甚至表现出相反的趋势.然而,对于地表蒸散对气候变暖响应的差异性具有怎样的规律以及是何原因造成了这种差异至今也并不完全清楚.为此,在对中国北方地区的蒸散量格点资料(FLUXNET)和全球陆面同化资料(GLDAS)进行观测试验验证的基础上,利用可靠性相对较高的蒸散量格点资料及以往研究常用的CRU和ERA-Interim气候格点资料,分析了我国北方不同降水气候空间类型时地表蒸散量对气温增加的响应特征.分析发现:地表蒸散量对气温升高的响应程度随降水气候类型不同变化比较明显,地表蒸散量的增温倾向率表现出随降水气候类型变化的显著转换特征.降水量在200~400 mm的气候区间时,正好是倾向率发生转折的气候敏感区间;在更湿润气候类型时,气候越湿润,地表蒸散量随气温升高增加的就越明显;而在更干燥气候类型时,气候越干燥,地表蒸散量反而随气温升高减少的越明显.地表蒸散量对气候变暖的这种响应特征在全球其他气候过渡比较明显的典型地区也有不同程度的表现.同时,就地表蒸散量对气候变暖的响应机制而言,主要有气温升高直接引起的潜在蒸散力增加与气温升高通过蒸散过程造成的土壤水分损失再反过来间接抑制蒸散这两个作用过程.前者在湿润地区起主导作用,导致蒸散增强;而后者在干燥地区主导作用,导致蒸散减弱.该研究结论对地表蒸散的气候变化响应特征有新认识,对改进全球水资源评估方法和干旱监测技术具有重要科学参考意义.