Residual fluoride self-activated effect enabling upgraded utilization of recycled graphite anode

Recycling graphite anode from spent lithium-ion batteries(SLIBs)is regarded as a crucial approach to promoting sustainable energy storage industry.However,the recycled graphite(RG)generally presents degraded structure and performance.Herein,the residual fluoride self-activated effect is proposed for the upgraded utilization of RG.Simple and low-energy water immersion treatment not only widens the interlayer spacing,but also retains appropriate fluoride on the surface of RG.Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that the residual fluoride can optimize Li~+migration and deposition kinetics,resulting in better Li~+intercalation/deintercalation in the interlayer and more stable Li metal plating/stripping on the surface of RG,As a result,the designed LFP||RG full cells achieve ultrahigh reversibility(~100%Coulombic efficiency),high capacity retention(67%after 200 cycles,0.85 N/P ratio),and commendable adaptability(stable cycling without short-circuiting,0.15 N/P ratio).The energy density is improved from 334 Wh kg^(-1)of 1.1 N/P ratio to 367 Wh kg^(-1)of 0.85 N/P ratio(total mass based on cathode and anode).The exploration of RG by residual fluoride self-activated effect achieves upgraded utilization beyond fresh commercial graphite and highlights a new strategy for efficient reuse of SLIBs.

Development and Characterization of West Nile Virus Replicon Expressing Secreted Gaussia Luciferase

We developed a Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) reporter replicon of West Nile virus (WNV) and used it to quantify viral translation and RNA replication. The advantage of the Gluc replicon is that Gaussia luciferase is secreted into the culture medium from cells transfected with Gluc replicon RNA, and the medium can be assayed directly for luciferase activity. Using a known Flavivirus inhibitor (NITD008), we demonstrated that the Gluc-WNV replicon could be used for antiviral screening. The Gluc-WNV-Rep will be useful for research in antiviral drug development programs, as well as for studying viral replication and pathogenesis of WNV.

The College Video English Visual-audio-oral Learning System

In order to respond to the need of social development,cultivate international talents,and improve the current English teaching mode,this paper studies video English visual-audio-oral learning system based on machine learning from the perspective of teaching and learning video English.It mainly analyzes the knowledge discovery process of machine learning,the design and application of video English visual-audio-oral learning system.It is found that the video English visual-audio-oral learning system based on machine learning has much higher level of practicality and efficiency compared with the traditional English language teaching in real life.The application of this system can also be of great significance in changes on language learning modes and methods in the future.

Current state and influencing factors of social alienation in patients with stress urinary incontinence

Objective To understand the current level of social alienation among patients with stress urinary incontinence(Sul)andanalyse the influencing factors to provide a foundation for better clinical support for patients'reintegration into society.Methods We conductedacomprehensive surveyand analysis involving 230 patients with SUl using a general information questionnaire,a general sense of alienation scaleandasocial impactscale.Results The general sense of alienation scale score of patientswith SUlwas25.43±13.994,whilethe social impact score was 39.25±12.167.Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that marital status,primary caregiver,presence of concurrent illnesses and severity of urinary incontinence were the key influencing factors contributing to SUl-related social alienation(p<0.05).Conclusion Patients who suffered from SUl experienced a moderate level of social alienation.Tailored interventions are recommended,especiallyfor individuals who are divorced,rely on friends or relatives as primary caregivers,have concurrentillnesses or experience severe Sul,to enhance their social integration.

Picroside Ⅱ down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Studies have shown that Picroside Ⅱ attenuates inflammatory reactions following brain ischemia through the inhibition of the TLR-4-NF-KB signal transduction pathway, and ameliorates cerebral edema through the reduction of aquaporin-4 expression. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9）, located downstream of the TLR-4-NF-KB signal transduction pathway, can degrade the neurovascular matrix, damage the blood-brain barrier to induce cerebral edema, and directly result in neuronal apoptosis and brain injury, Therefore, the present study further observed MMP-9 expression in the brain tissues of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury following Picroside Ⅱ treatment. Results demonstrated that Picroside Ⅱ significantly reduced MMP-9 expression in ischemic brain tissues, as well as neuronal apoptosis and brain infarct volume, suggesting Picroside Ⅱ exhibits neuroprotection by down-regulating MMP-9 expression and inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Anti-oxidant effect of picroside II in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Picroside II,the major active component of picroside,has been shown to induce PC12 cell axonal growth and relieve free radical damage.In vivo experiments have demonstrated that picroside II can improve neurological function in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries.In the present in vivo study,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry revealed that picroside II increased superoxide dismutase content and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase content in the ischemic hemisphere.The effects of picroside II were similar to those of salvianic acid A sodium,an active control drug.These results indicate that picroside II exerts a neuroprotective effect,possibly by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression,increasing superoxide dismutase activity,and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis.

High-Performance Na-Ion Storage of S-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers

Na-ion batteries(NIBs)have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to the high abundance and low cost of Na.It is well known that S doping can improve the electrochemical performance of carbon materials for NIBs.However,the current methods for S doping in carbons normally involve toxic precursors or rigorous conditions.In this work,we report a creative and facile strategy for preparing S-doped porous carbons(SCs)via the pyrolysis of conjugated microporous polymers(CMPs).Briefly,thiophene-based CMPs served as the precursors and doping sources simultaneously.Simple direct carbonization of CMPs produced S-doped carbon materials with highly porous structures.When used as an anode for NIBs,the SCs exhibited a high reversible capacity of 440 mAh g?1 at 50 mA g?1 after 100 cycles,superior rate capability,and excellent cycling stability(297 mAh g?1 after 1000 cycles at 500 mA g?1),outperforming most S-doped carbon materials reported thus far.The excellent performance of the SCs is attributed to the expanded lattice distance after S doping.Furthermore,we employed ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the SCs during sodiation-desodiation,which can highlight the role of doped S for Na-ion storage.

Ultrastructural characterization of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infecting humans in China

Dear Editor,In March 2013,the first 3 cases of severe disease dueto a novel avian-origin influenza A(H7N9)virus weredetected in the Chinese provinces of Shanghai and Anhui(Gao R,et al.,2013).A total of 339 laboratory-confirmedcases with 100 deaths were reported until January 142014(WHO,2014).To the best of our knowledge,thisis the first time that human infection with the avian in-fluenza A H7N9 subtype has been detected.Prior to

Graphite Anode for Potassium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Perspective

With the increased demand from the storage of renewable energy sources,some safe and inexpensive energy storage technologies instead of Li-ion batteries become urgently needed.Therefore,K-ion batteries(KIBs)have attracted much attention and evolved significant development because of the low price,safety,and similar property compared with Li-ion batteries.Due to the high reversibility,stability,and low potential plateau,graphite becomes a current research focus and is regarded as one of the most promising KIB’s anode materials.In this review,we mainly discuss the electrochemical reaction mechanism of graphite during potassiation-depotassiation process and analyze the effects of electrode/electrolyte interface on graphite for Kion storage.Besides,we summarize several kinds of methods to improve the performance of graphite for KIBs,including the design of graphite structure,selection of appropriate binder,solvent chemistry,and salt chemistry.Meanwhile,a concept of“relative energy density”is raised,which can be more accurate to evaluate the genuine electrochemical performance of graphite anode involving the specific capacity and potential.In addition,we also summarize the considerable challenges to current graphite anode in KIBs and we believe our work will offer alterative solutions to further explore high-performance graphite anode of K-ion storage.

In Situ Monitoring the Potassium‑Ion Storage Enhancement in Iron Selenide with Ether‑Based Electrolyte

As one of the promising anode materials,iron selenide has received much attention for potassium-ion batteries(KIBs).Nevertheless,volume expansion and sluggish kinetics of iron selenide result in the poor reversibility and stability during potassiation–depotassiation process.In this work,we develop iron selenide composite matching ether-based electrolyte for KIBs,which presents a reversible specific capacity of 356 mAh g^(−1) at 200 mA g^(−1) after 75 cycles.According to the measurement of mechanical properties,it is found that iron selenide composite also exhibits robust and elastic solid electrolyte interphase layer in ether-based electrolyte,contributing to the improvement in reversibility and stability for KIBs.To further investigate the electrochemical enhancement mechanism of ether-based electrolyte in KIBs,we also utilize in situ visualization technique to monitor the potassiation–depotassiation process.For comparison,iron selenide composite matching carbonate-based electrolyte presents vast morphology change during potassiation–depotassiation process.When changing to ether-based electrolyte,a few minor morphology changes can be observed.This phenomenon indicates an occurrence of homogeneous electrochemical reaction in ether-based electrolyte,which results in a stable performance for potassium-ion(K-ion)storage.We believe that our work will provide a new perspective to visually monitor the potassium-ion storage process and guide the improvement in electrode material performance.

Insights on the mechanism of Na-ion storage in expanded graphite anode

Currently,Na-ion battery(NIB) has become one of the most potential alternatives for Li-ion batteries due to the safety and low cost.As a promising anode for Na-ion storage,expanded graphite has attracted considerable attention.However,the sodiation-desodiation process is still unclear.In our work,we obtain expanded graphite through slight modified Hummer's method and subsequent thermal treatment,which exhibits excellent cycling stability.Even at a high current density of 1 A g^(-1),our expanded graphite still remains a high reversible capacity of 100 mA h g^(-1) after 2600 cycles.Furthermore,we also investigate the electrochemical mechanism of our expanded graphite for Na-ion storage by operando Raman technique,which illuminate the electrochemical reaction during different sodiation-desodiation processes.

A case study on Landscape Component Niche based on Landscape Pattern Indices: Yanchi,Ningxia Province, China

Yanchi County is located in the agro-pastoral ecotone and belongs to the ecologically fragile area of Northwest China.It is important to study the evolution of landscape pattern to curb its environmental degradation.In order to intuitively show how the landscape pattern of the study area changes over time,Landsat Thematic Mappers(TM)and Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)data of 1991,2000,2010 and 2017 were used.This paper attempts to apply niche theories and methods into landscape ecology,and constructs a niche model of landscape components by using"n-dimentional hypervolume niche theory"and landscape pattern indices.By evaluating the spatial and temporal evolution of niche from the perspective of two-dimensional space to reflect the changes of landscape pattern in the study area over the past 26 years,new theories and methods were introduced for the characterization of landscape pattern.The results indicate that:1)The larger the attribute and dominance value of landscape components,the higher the ecological niche and the stronger the control effect on the overall landscape.2)The ecological niche of each landscape component was significantly different,just as its control effect on the overall landscape.3)The dynamic change of the ecological niche of each landscape component was different,with grassland,unused land and arable land always in a high dominant position,although the ecological niche of construction land and water area was always low.In general,the introduction of niche theory into the landscape ecology provided a new method to study the changes in regional landscape pattern.

The anti-inflammatory effect of picroside II and the optimizing of therapeutic dose and time window in cerebral ischemic injury in rats

The aim is to optimize the anti-inflammatory effect and the therapeutic dose and time window of picrosede II by orthogonal test in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. The forebrain ischemia models were established by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) methods in 30 Wistar rats. The successful models were randomly divided into sixteen groups according to orthogonal experimental design and treated by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally at different ischemic time with different dose. The concentrations of aquaporins 4 (AQP4), matrix metalloproteinases9 (MMP9) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in serum and brain tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the therapeutic effect of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury. The best therapeutic time window and dose of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury were 1) ischemia 2.0 h with 20 mg/kg and 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to the concentration of AQP4 in serum and brain tissue;2) ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg and ischemia 2.0 h with 20 mg/kg according to the concentrations of MMP9 in serum and brain tissue;and 3) ischemia 1.5 h with 10 mg/kg and ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg according to the concentrations of COX2 in serum and brain tissue respectively. According to the principle of the lowest therapeutic dose with the longest time window, the optimized therapeutic dose and time window were injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with 10 - 20 mg/kg body weight at ischemia 1.5 - 2.0 h in cerebral ischemic injury.

Oridonin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by targeting viral proteinase and polymerase

COVID-19 has become a global public health crisis since its outbreak in China in December 2019.Currently there are few clinically effective drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection.The main protein(M^(pro)),papain-like protease(PL^(pro))and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)of SARS-CoV-2 are involved in the viral replication,and might be prospective targets for anti-coronavirus drug development.Here,we investigated the antiviral activity of oridonin,a natural small-molecule compound,against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.The time-of-addition analysis showed that oridonin efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection by interfering with the genome replication at the post-entry stage.Mechanistically,the inhibition of viral replication by oridonin depends on the oxidation activity ofα,β-unsaturated carbonyl.Further experiments showed that oridonin not only effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity,but also had some inhibitory effects on PLpro-mediated deubiquitinating and viral polymerase-catalyzed RNA elongation activities at high concentrations.In particular,oridonin could inhibit the bat SARS-like CoV and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants(BA.1 and BA.2),which highlights its potential as a pan-coronavirus antiviral agent.Overall,our data provide strong evidence that oridonin is an efficient antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The Neuroprotective Effect of Picroside II and Its Best Therapeutic Dose and Time Window in Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Rats

Objective: To study the neuroprotective effect of picrosede II and explore the best therapeutic dose and time window according to orthogonal design in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Methods: The forebrain ischemia rat models were established by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. The successful models were randomly grouped according to orthogonal experimental design and treated by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally at different ischemic time with different doses. The contents of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neuroglial marker protein S100B and myelin basic protein (MBP) in serum and brain tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the therapeutic effect of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury. Results: The best therapeutic time window and dose of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury may be 1) ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg and ischemia 1.5 h with 10 mg/kg body weight according to the content of NSE in serum and brain tissue respectively, 2) ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg according to the content of S100B in both serum and brain tissue, and 3) ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg and ischemia 1.5 h with 10 mg/kg according to the content of MBP in serum and brain tissue respectively. Conclusion: Based on the principle of the minimization of therapeutic drug dose and maximization of therapeutic time window, the optimal composition of the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury should be achieved by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with 10-20 mg/kg body weight at ischemia 1.5 h in cerebral ischemic injury in rats.

The effect of picroside II on the expressions of AQP4, MMP9 and COX2 in cerebral ischemic injury in rats

The aim is to study the neuroprotective effect and optimize the therapeutic dose and time window of picrosede II by orthogonal test in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. The forebrain ischemia models of rats were established by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) methods. The successful models were randomly grouped according to orthogonal experimental design and treated by injecting picroside II intraperitonenally with different therapeutic dose at different ischemic time. The contents of aquaporins 4 (AQP4), matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP 9) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in brain tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the therapeutic effect of picroside II on cerebral ischemic injury. The results indicated that the best therapeutic time window and dose of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury should be 1) ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to the content of AQP4;2) ischemia 2.0 h with 20 mg/kg according to the content of MMP9;and 3) ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg according to the content of COX2 inbrain tissue. It is concluded that the optimized therapeutic dose and time window is injecting picroside II peritonenally with 10 - 20 mg/kg body weight at ischemia 1.5 - 2.0 h in cerebral ischemic injury according to the principle of lowest therapeutic dose with longest time window.

Effects of the Fermentation of Lophatherum gracile Brongn on Its Active Ingredients of Total Flavonoids and Total Polysaccharide

[Objectives] In order to explore the effect of fermentation on Lophatherum gracile Brongn. [Methods] The single factor experiment was applied to screen the fermentation conditions of L. gracile Brongn,and the effect of fermentation on the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides was explored. [Results] The experiment defined the best fermentation conditions as: keeping natural state of p H,temperature 35℃,inoculation amount 6%,rotation speed 210 r/min,fermentation time 36 h. The results showed that the content increase of total flavonoids in the fermentation group was 5. 59% higher than the that in the non-fermentation group. [Conclusions]The selected fermentation method could improve the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides.

Development and characterization of a clinical strain of Coxsackievirus A16 and an eGFP infectious clone

Coxsackievirus A16(CA16) is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) worldwide, which is a common illness that affects children. The frequent occurrence of HFMD outbreaks has become a serious public health problem in Asia. Therefore, it is important to understand the pathogenesis and replication of CA16. In this study, a stable infectious c DNA clone of an epidemic strain of Coxsackievirus A16(CA16) was assembled, and subsequently a reporter virus(e GFP-CA16) was constructed by inserting the e GFP gene between the 5'-UTR and the N-terminus of VP4, with the addition of a 2A protease cleavage site(ITTLG) at its C-terminus. This was transfected into Vero cells to generate infectious recombinant viruses. The growth characteristics and plaque morphology, in vitro, in mammalian cells were found to be indistinguishable between the parental and recombinant viruses. Although the e GFP-CA16 showed smaller plaque size as compared to recombinant CA16, both were found to exhibit similar growth trends and EC50 of NITD008. In summary, this stable infectious c DNA clone should provide a valuable experimental system to study CA16 infection and host response. The e GFP-CA16 is expected to provide a powerful tool to monitor e GFP expression in infected cells and to evaluate the antiviral activity of potential antiviral agents in the treatment of CA16 infections.

Trans Complementation of Replication-defective Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Antiviral Study

Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus(OHFV) is a tick-borne flavivirus classified as a biosafety level-4(BSL4) pathogen. Studies of OHFV are restricted to be conducted within BSL4 laboratories. Currently, no commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are available against OHFV infection. In this study, we recovered a replication-deficient OHFV with an NS1 deletion(OHFVDNS1) and reporter virus replacing NS1 with the Gaussia luciferase(Gluc)(OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc). Both the defective OHFVDNS1 and OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus could only replicate efficiently in the BHK21 cell line expressing NS1(BHK21NS1) but not in na?ve BHK21 cells. The Gluc reporter gene of OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was maintained stably after serial passaging of BHK21NS1 cells and was used to surrogate the replication of OHFV. Using NITD008, OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was validated for antiviral screening, and high-throughput screening parameters were optimized in a 96-well plate format with a calculated Z0 value above 0.5. The OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc reporter virus is a powerful tool for antiviral screening as well as viral replication and pathogenesis studies in BSL2 laboratories.

Software reliability analysis considering correlated component failures with coupling measurement framework

With progression of the digital age, the complexity of software continues to grow. As a result, methods to quantitatively assess characteristics of software have attracted significant attention. These efforts have led to a large number of new measures such as coupling metrics, many of which seek to consider the impact of correlations between components and failures on application reliability. However, most of these approaches set the coupling parameters arbitrarily by making assumptions instead of utilizing experimental data and therefore may not accurately capture actual coupling between components of software application. Since the coupling matrix is often set arbitrarily, the existing approaches to assess software reliability considering component correlation fail to reflect the real degree of interaction and relationships among software components. This paper presents an efficient approach to assess the software reliability considering correlated component failures, incorporating software architecture while considering actual internal coupling of software with an efficient approach based on multivariate Bernoulli(MVB) distribution. The unified framework for software coupling measurement is informed by a comprehensive survey of frameworks for objectoriented and procedure-oriented software. This framework enables the extraction of more accurate coupling among components. The effectiveness of this method is illustrated through an experimental study by applying it to a real-time software application.