阿尔茨海默病居家筛查专家共识

老年人痴呆或认知障碍多由一种以上年龄相关的常见脑部疾病所致。阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是其中最常见的神经变性疾病,且是全球前10位死因中唯一无法治愈或缺乏长期对症疗效的疾病,给个人、家庭和全球经济都带来了巨大的负担。早期及时发现和干预是对抗AD的最佳策略。在过去的30年中,许多研究都提出了降低痴呆风险的方法,2020年《柳叶刀》杂志的痴呆预防报告已阐明通过应对风险因素可以预防或延缓超过40%的痴呆。然而,目前全球医疗体系尚未具备早期或及时发现AD的足够能力。最近的一项研究发现,只有不到10%的轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是在初级医疗机构中诊断出来的。近来,抗淀粉样蛋白β(Amyloid beta,Aβ)抗体药物lecanemab和donanemab被批准上市用于早期AD治疗,以及30年的随访研究证明改善风险因素显著减少AD痴呆的发病率并延长了寿命,使得人们对AD早期识别的关注迅速增加。阿尔茨海默病防治协会(China Association for Alzheimer's Disease,CAAD)认识到居家早期和及时发现AD的重要性,并成立了一个由协会成员、临床医生和研究人员组成的全球AD多领域专家团队,就以下目标达成共识:①为个人、家庭、社区、协会和组织提供专家指导意见;②介绍用于认知障碍和痴呆居家筛查的数字工具和可用资源,并为AD高危人群或疑似患者制定下一步应对策略;③讨论现有可用或将来可能的居家筛查适宜AD生物标志物;④为未来的改进和全球应用建立可行性框架。专家组对于当前可用的证据、工具和资源进行综述,并进一步考量其在AD居家筛查中的价值。

基于人工边界条件的波面相位解析重建

At present,the measurement of the near wave field of ships mostly relies on shipborne radar.The commonly used shipborne radar is incoherent and cannot obtain information on wave surface velocity.Therefore,the mathematical model of wave reconstruction is remarkably complex.As a new type of radar,coherent radar can obtain the radial velocity of the wave surface.Most wave surface reconstruction methods that use wave velocity are currently based on velocity potential.The difficulty of these methods lies in determining the initial value of the velocity integral.This paper proposes a wave surface reconstruction method based on an artificial boundary matrix.Numerical simulation data of regular and short-crest waves are used to verify the accuracy of this method.Simultaneously,the reconstruction stability under different wave velocity measurement errors is analyzed.The calculation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the reconstruction of wave field.

Classification analysis of prediction skill among ensemble members in MJO subseasonal predictions——based on the results of the CAMS-CSM subseasonal prediction system

由于模式误差和初始误差所致,次季节-季节预报技巧整体偏低.国际上多数模式都采用集合预报的方式来提高次季节预报的准确率.热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)作为次季节尺度可预报性的重要来源,其预测水平取决于模式性能和MJO事件本身的物理特性.根据中国气象科学研究院气候系统模式次季节预测系统的回报结果,结合不同类型MJO事件的特征,对模式集合成员间的预报技巧进行了分类和比较.在集合成员预报技巧普遍较高的一类MJO事件中,对流异常信号持续时间较长,强度较大,强对流异常中心主要位于印度洋区域,并逐渐东传至西太平洋.在集合成员预报技巧多数较差的MJO事件中,对流异常信号的强度最弱,维持时间最短.在集合成员预报技巧优劣参半的类别中,MJO往往持续时间较短,强度较低,在后续传播过程中,对流异常中心多停驻在海洋性大陆区域.

Interaction between internal solitary waves and the seafloor in the deep sea

Internal solitary wave(ISW),as a typical marine dynamic process in the deep sea,widely exists in oceans and marginal seas worldwide.The interaction between ISW and the seafloor mainly occurs in the bottom boundary layer.For the seabed boundary layer of the deep sea,ISW is the most important dynamic process.This study analyzed the current status,hotspots,and frontiers of research on the interaction between ISW and the seafloor by CiteSpace.Focusing on the action of ISW on the seabed,such as transformation and reaction,a large amount of research work and results were systematically analyzed and summarized.On this basis,this study analyzed the wave–wave interaction and interaction between ISW and the bedform or slope of the seabed,which provided a new perspective for an in‐depth understanding of the interaction between ISW and the seafloor.Finally,the latest research results of the bottom boundary layer and marine engineering stability by ISW were introduced,and the unresolved problems in the current research work were summarized.This study provides a valuable reference for further research on the hazards of ISW to marine engineering geology.

Association between Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Psychological Features of Chinese Emerging Adults

Background:Emerging adulthood is a pivotal life stage,presenting significant psychological and social changes,such as decreased sociability,depression,and other mental health problems.Previous studies have associated these changes with an unhealthy lifestyle.The 24-h movement guidelines for healthy lifestyles have been developed to promote appropriate health behaviors and improve individual wellness.However,the relationship between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines and different characteristics of Chinese emerging adults is yet to be explored.This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines and four characteristics(self-exploration,instability,possibilities,and responsibility)of Chinese emerging adults.Methods:Overall,1,510 Chinese emerging adults aged 18–29 years were included in this study.Each participant completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines(physical activity,sedentary behavior,and sleep)and the inventory of dimensions of emerging adulthood.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the associations between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines and each of the four characteristics.Results:The proportion of participants who adhered to the 24-h movement guidelines was 31.72%.Multiple regression analysis revealed a significantly negative relationship between adhering to more guidelines and instability(β=−0.51,p<0.001).A statistically significant association was observed between instability and meeting only sedentary behavior(β=−1.27,95%confidence interval[CI]:[−2.32,−0.24],p=0.02),sedentary behavior+sleep(β=−1.30,95%CI:[−2.24,−0.35],p<0.01),and physical activity+sedentary behavior(β=−1.08,95%CI:[1.94,−0.21],p=0.02)guidelines.Further,positive and significant associations were observed between possibilities and meeting the guidelines for only physical activity(β=0.70,95%CI:[0.14,1.27),p=0.01),only sleep(β=0.61,95%CI:[0.01,1.21],p=0.04),physical activity+sedentary behavior(β=0.56,95%CI:[0.04,1.07),p=0.01),and physical activity+sleep(β=0.76,95%CI:[0.23,1.27],p=0.01).Conclusions:These findings suggest that adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines was associated with instability in Chinese emerging adults.Future studies are warranted to verify our findings to highlight the importance of maintaining a heath lifestyle to promote health in emerging adulthood.

Deep seabed mining:Frontiers in engineering geology and environment

Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years,making great contributions to industrialization.Given the increasing demand for energy,along with the restructuring of the energy supply catalyzed by efforts to achieve a low-carbon economy,deep seabed mining will play an important role in addressing energy-and resource-related problems in the future.However,deep seabed mining remains in the exploratory stage,with many challenges presented by the high-pressure,low-temperature,and complex geologic and hydrodynamic environments in deep-sea mining areas,which are inaccessible to human activities.Thus,considerable efforts are required to ensure sustainable,economic,reliable,and safe deep seabed mining.This study reviews the latest advances in marine engineering geology and the environment related to deep-sea min-ing activities,presents a bibliometric analysis of the development of ocean mineral resources since the 1950s,summarizes the development,theory,and issues related to techniques for the three stages of ocean mining(i.e.,exploration,extraction,and closure),and discusses the engineering geology environment,geological disasters,in-situ monitoring techniques,envi-ronmental protection requirements,and environmental effects in detail.Finally,this paper gives some key conclusions and future perspectives to provide insights for subsequent studies and commercial mining operations.

Skill improvement of the yearly updated reforecasts in ECMWF S2S prediction from 2016 to 2022

在2016年至2022年间,ECMWF次季节预测系统不断升级并逐年完成新的回报试验。本文考察该预测系统逐年升级带来的预测技巧提升潜力.从2米气温和降水来看,在起报之后的前两周内天气尺度上预测技巧表现出逐年稳定提升的趋势;在从第三周开始的次季节时间尺度上,预测技巧的提升仅限于热带部分区域.MJO预测技巧并不随着模式升级而逐年单调提升.尽管目前S2S预测技巧存在局限性,但目前已有的进展增强了在未来深入合作以提高S2S预测技术的信心.

A new transition metal diphosphideα-MoP_(2) synthesized by a high-temperature and high-pressure technique

Monoclinicα-MoP_(2),with the OsGe2-type structure(space group C2/m,Z=4)and lattice parameters a=8.7248(11)Å,b=3.2322(4)Å,c=7.4724(9)Å,andβ=119.263°,was synthesized under a pressure of 4~GPa at a temperature between 1100℃and 1200℃.The structure ofα-MoP_(2) and its relationship to other transition metal diphosphides are discussed.Surprisingly,the ambient pressure phase orthorhombicβ-MoP_(2)(space group Cmc21)is denser in structure thanα-MoP_(2).Room-temperature high-pressure x-ray diffraction studies exclude the possibility of phase transition fromβ-MoP_(2) to α-MoP_(2),suggesting thatα-MoP_(2) is a stable phase at ambient conditions;this is also supported by the total energy and phonon calculations.

贵金属Au-Ag合金修饰ZnO用于光催化高效降解乙烯

乙烯是一种植物激素,可以促进水果和蔬菜在生长过程中成熟,然而在水果和蔬菜成熟之后,源源不断产生的乙烯会加速它们的衰老和腐烂,不利于水果和蔬菜的贮存和保鲜.考虑到现实因素,直接在储存环境中去除乙烯很有必要,而光催化技术操作简单易行,在降解乙烯方面具有应用前景.我们发现Zn O具有降解乙烯的作用,但纯ZnO由于光吸收范围窄及载流子分离效率低,使得其降解乙烯的效果不佳.而金、银纳米颗粒由于其表面的等离子体共振效应,可以增强半导体的光吸收,同时贵金属颗粒还可以充当捕获电子的活性位点,加快电子和空穴分离,提高光催化效率.因此,将金或银作为ZnO的助催化剂可能是提高ZnO催化性能的有效途径.一些研究还发现,使用双金属合金作为助催化剂可以达到比单一金属更优越的效果.因此在本论文中,我们采用简单的光沉积工艺和低温煅烧方法合成了Au, Ag和Au-Ag合金负载的ZnO,研究了它们对ZnO光催化效率的促进作用.活性测试表明,在ZnO负载了单独的Au或Ag颗粒后,乙烯降解效率分别是纯ZnO的17.5和26.8倍,光催化活性大幅增加.而当ZnO成功负载Au-Ag合金后,光催化活性进一步提高到纯ZnO的94.8倍.紫外-可见光谱结果表明,由于表面等离子体共振(SPR)效应, Au-Ag合金改性后的ZnO显示出很强的可见光吸收.同时,较高的光电流密度表明AuAg/ZnO具有有效的载流子分离能力.因此,等离子体Au-Ag双金属合金纳米粒子的协同作用和有效的载流子分离能力共同带来了乙烯氧化的优异光催化活性.催化剂稳定性测试表明, Ag/ZnO的光催化稳定性非常差,在10次循环后活性下降很多,而Au/ZnO和AuAg/ZnO在10次循环后光催化稳定性非常好.结合XPS分析可知, Ag单质颗粒可以容易地光氧化成为Ag2O,造成活性降低,而Au-Ag由于形成了合金结构,不易被氧化,因而变得异常稳定.最终我们得到了高活性、高稳定性的AuAg/ZnO光催化剂.这项工作提出了在实际生产中使用金属合金作为助催化剂去除乙烯的新思路,具有良好的应用前景.

Centrifuge experiment on the penetration test for evaluating undrained strength of deep-sea surface soils

Rapid advances in deep-sea mining engineering have created an urgent need for the accurate evaluation of the undrained strength of marine soils,especially surface soils.Significant achievements have been made using full-flow penetration penetrometers to evaluate marine soil strength in the deep penetration;however,a method considering the effect of ambient water on the surface penetration needs to be established urgently.In this study,penetrometers with multiple probes were developed and used to conduct centrifuge experiments on South China Sea soil and kaolin clay.First,the forces on the probes throughout the penetration process were systematically analyzed and quantified.Second,the spatial influence zone was determined by capturing the resistance changes and sample crack development,and the penetration depth for a sample to reach a stable failure mode was given.Third,the vane shear strength was used to invert the penetration resistance factor of the ball and determine the range of the penetration resistance factor values.Furthermore,a methodology to determine the penetration resistance factors for surface marine soils was established.Finally,the effect of the water cavity above various probes in the surface penetration was used to formulate an internal mechanism for variations in the penetration resistance factor.

Whole genome variants across 57 pig breeds enable comprehensive identification of genetic signatures that underlie breed features

Background:A large number of pig breeds are distributed around the world,their features and characteristics vary among breeds,and they are valuable resources.Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that explain across-breed variation can help breeders develop improved pig breeds.Results:In this study,we performed GWAS using a standard mixed linear model with three types of genome variants(SNP,InDel,and CNV)that were identified from public,whole-genome,sequencing data sets.We used 469 pigs of 57 breeds,and we identified and analyzed approximately 19 million SNPs,1.8 million InDels,and 18,016 CNVs.We defined six biological phenotypes by the characteristics of breed features to identify the associated genome variants and candidate genes,which included coat color,ear shape,gradient zone,body weight,body length,and body height.A total of 37 candidate genes was identified,which included 27 that were reported previously(e.g.,PLAG1 for body weight),but the other 10 were newly detected candidate genes(e.g.,ADAMTS9 for coat color).Conclusion:Our study indicated that using GWAS across a modest number of breeds with high density genome variants provided efficient mapping of complex traits.

The controlling factors of high suspended sediment concentration in the intertidal flat off the Huanghe River Estuary

The Huanghe River(Yellow River)is known by its high suspended sediment concentration(SSC)in its river mouth tidal flat.However,the factors controlling the high SSC over there are not well understood.Therefore,we conducted 7-d hydrodynamic observations(water depth,wave height,and current velocity)and SSC measurements on the tidal flat off the Huanghe River Mouth.The data shows that in most of time,under the calm sea condition,the SSC ranges 0.1–3.5 g/L,and sediment discharge from the river is the main source.However,when hydrodynamics are enhanced in a tidal cycle and large-scale erosion occurs on the seafloor,resuspended sediment becomes the main source,and the SSC in the water column reaches 17.3 g/L.We find the suspended sediment flux is mainly controlled by the tidal current and Stokes drift,while the wave-induced shear stress could also affect the variation of suspended sediment flux.During the observation period,when sea under calm-rippled conditions,the current-induced resuspended sediment concentration(RSC)was greater than the wave-induced RSC.In contrast,in smooth-wavelet sea conditions,the wave-induced RSC was greater than the current-induced RSC,for instance,a single wave event was found to cause 11.8 cm seabed erosion within 6 h.This study reveals different controlling factors for the high SSC near a river-influenced tidal flat,and helps us get a better understanding of a delta's depositional and erosional mechanisms.

Combined control of fluid adsorption capacity and initial permeability on coal permeability

The variations of strain and permeability of coal were systematically studied through the physical simulation of N2 and water injection.The effects of fluid adsorption capacity and initial permeability on strain,permeability and the dominant effect of pore pressure were discussed.The adsorption strain and strain rate of coal during water injection are significantly higher than those during N2 injection.An edge of free adsorption exists in the early phase of N2 and water injection,which is related to fluid saturation.Within this boundary,the strain rate and pore pressure are independent.Moreover,the injec-tion time of initial stage accounts for about 20%of the total injection time,but the strain accounts for 70%of the total strain.For water injection,this boundary is about half of water saturation of coal.Besides,the influence of pore pressure on permeability is complex,which is controlled by adsorption capacity and initial permeability of coal.When the initial permeability is large enough,the effect of adsorption strain on permeability is relatively weak,and the promoting effect of pore pressure on fluid migration is dominant.Therefore,the permeability increases with increasing pore pressure.When the initial permeability is relatively low,the pore pressure may have a dominant role in promoting fluid migration for the fluid with weak adsorption capacity.However,for the fluid with strong adsorption capacity,the adsorption strain caused by pore pressure may play a leading role,and the permeability reduces first and then ascends with increasing pore pressure.

Spontaneous running wheel improves neuroprotection efficacy of ischemic postconditioning in mice following ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemic postconditioning(IP)has been shown to provide protection for ischemia/reperfusion(IR)injury,but its efficacy is limited.In this study we hypothesized that spontaneous running wheel(RW)could improve neuroprotection efficacy of IP for IR.We established mouse models of IR and showed that compared to Sham group,IR group had obvious brain infract and neurological dysfunction.In IR+IP group,brain infract and neurological dysfunction improved compared to IR group.However,in IR+IP+RW group brain infract and neurological dysfunction improved much better.TUNEL assay showed that IP but not RW significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells after IR.However,the number of apoptotic cells was significantly reduced in RW+IP group.In addition,the levels of pro-apoptotic factors increased in IR group but significantly reduced in IR+IP+RW group,while the levels of antiapoptotic factors decreased in IR group but significantly increased in IR+IP+RW group.Moreover,in IR+IP+RW group,MDA level was further decreased and SOD level was further increased compared to IR+IP group.Finally,both PI3K inhibitor and STAT3 inhibitor significantly worsened brain infract and neurological dysfunction and promoted apoptosis in IR mice.In conclusion,RW combined with IP reduces brain infract and neurological dysfunction in mice after IR,and this is associated with enhanced anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant benefits via the activation of PI3K and STAT3 pathways.

An Image Localization System Based on Single Photon

As an essential part of artificial intelligence,many works focus on image processing which is the branch of computer vision.Nevertheless,image localization faces complex challenges in image processing with image data increases.At the same time,quantum computing has the unique advantages of improving computing power and reducing energy consumption.So,combining the advantage of quantum computing is necessary for studying the quantum image localization algorithms.At present,many quantum image localization algorithms have been proposed,and their efficiency is theoretically higher than the corresponding classical algorithms.But,in quantum computing experiments,quantum gates in quantum computing hardware need to work at very low temperatures,which brings great challenges to experiments.This paper proposes a single-photon-based quantum image localization algorithm based on the fundamental theory of single-photon image classification.This scheme realizes the operation of the mixed national institute of standards and technology database(MNIST)quantum image localization by a learned transformation for non-noise condition,noisy condition,and environmental attack condition,respectively.Compared with the regular use of entanglement between multi-qubits and low-temperature noise reduction conditions for image localization,the advantage of this method is that it does not deliberately require low temperature and entanglement resources,and it improves the lower bound of the localization success rate.This method paves a way to study quantum computer vision.

de Haas–van Alphen Quantum Oscillations in BaSn3 Superconductor with Multiple Dirac Fermions

Characterization of Fermi surface of the BaSn3 superconductor(Tc~ 4.4K)by de Haas–van Alphen(dHvA)effect measurement reveals its non-trivial topological properties.Analysis of non-zero Berry phase is supported by the ab initio calculations,which reveals a type-II Dirac point setting and tilting along the high symmetric K–H line of the Brillouin zone,about 0.13 eV above the Fermi level,and other two type-I Dirac points on the high symmetric Г–A direction,but slightly far below the Fermi level.The results demonstrate BaSn3 as an excellent example hosting multiple Dirac fermions and an outstanding platform for studying the interplay between nontrivial topological states and superconductivity.

Effects of Health Qigong Exercise on Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Objective: This study explored the effects of Health Qigong exercise on depression and anxiety in patients withParkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: A total of 42 volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were recruited andrandomly allocated into the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group carried out60-minute sessions of Health Qigong exercise five times a week for 12 weeks while the control group did not performany regular physical exercise. Data on cognitive impairment, psychomotor retardation, somatic anxiety,weight loss and sleep disorders, the sum score of the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17), stateanxiety, trait anxiety as well as the sum score of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were collected for threerepeated measurements (baseline, 6, and 12 weeks). Results: Significant differences were observed in depression,state anxiety, trait anxiety, cognitive impairment and psychomotor retardation in the experimental group but nodifference in somatic anxiety, weight loss and sleep disorders. Conclusion: Health Qigong exercise can pose positivepsychological effects and alleviate the depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson’s disease. It can beapplied as an accessible supplement to the existent drug treatment for PD.

Effect of ephedrine hydrochloride on regulation of body fluid metabolism and AQP1 and AQP2 in a rabbit model of mechanical ventilation

Objective:Ephedrine hydrochloride(EH)is a major component from Ephedra sinica STAPF,which is used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine.This study was designed to investigate the effect of EH on water metabolism and further explore the relevant signaling pathway of body fluid regulation in“lung governing regulation of water passage”using a rabbit model of mechanical ventilation.The molecular mechanism of the EH effect in the kidney was also investigated.Methods:Rabbits were randomly divided into a control group,model group,EH group,and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride(DH)group.Urine volume was measured by the intubation method and pathologic changes in lung and renal tissue were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Nitric oxide(NO)production in lung,serum,and kidney were analyzed using chemical methods.An ELISA was used to analyze angiotensin II(Ang II),antidiuretic hormone(ADH),prostaglandin E2(PGE2),atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP),and endothelin-1(ET-1)levels in the lung,serum,and kidney.Aquaporin-1(AQP1)and aquaporin-2(AQP2)mRNA and protein expression in the kidney was determined using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.Results:EH significantly inhibited the decrease in the total urine volume in the third and fourth stages,and displayed significant regulatory effects on NO,Ang II,ADH,PGE2,ANP,and ET-1 in serum,lung,and renal tissues compared with the model group.In the kidney,AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA and protein expression in the EH group were remarkably downregulated compared with the model group.Conclusion:EH exerted a regulatory effect on water metabolism by diffusing the lung and increased urine volume in the rabbit model,which was consistent with the decrease in kidney AQP1 and AQP2 expression levels that led to an increase in urine volume.EH could assist with DH to exert a protective effect on the clinical application of mechanical ventilation.

Emerging Concepts of Pathogenesis and Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly involves the cerebellar, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, motor neuron and oculomotor systems. SCA3 presents strong phenotypic heterogeneity and its causative mutation of SCA3 consists of an expansion of a CAG tract in exon 10 of the ATXN3 gene, situated at 14q32.1. The ATXN3 gene is ubiquitously expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, and also participates in cellular protein quality control pathways. Mutated ATXN3 alleles present about 45 to 87CAG repeats, which result in an expanded polyglutamine tract in ataxin-3. After mutation, the polyQ tract reaches the pathological threshold (about 50 glutamine residues);the protein is considered that it might gain a neurotoxic function through some unclear mechanisms. We reviewed the literature on the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 patients. Conversion of the expanded protein is possible by enhancing protein refolding and degradation or preventing proteolytic cleavage and prevents the protein to reach the site of toxicity by altering its ability to translocate between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Proteasomal degradation and enhancing autophagic aggregate clearance are currently proposed remarkable therapy. In spite of extensive research, the molecular mechanisms of cellular toxicity resulting from mutant ataxin-3 remain no preventive treatment is currently available. These therapeutic strategies might be able to improve sign symptoms of SCA3 as well as slow the disease progression.