This study examined the role of collapsin response mediator protein 1 （CRMP-1） on neurite outgrowth from rat hippocampal neurons by blocking its function using an antibody. Hippocampal neurons, cultured in vitro, we...This study examined the role of collapsin response mediator protein 1 （CRMP-1） on neurite outgrowth from rat hippocampal neurons by blocking its function using an antibody. Hippocampal neurons, cultured in vitro, were treated （blocked） using a polyclonal antibody to CRMP-1, and neurite outgrowth and cytoskeletal changes were captured using atomic force microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Control cells, treated with normal rabbit IgG, established their characteristic morphology and had a large number of processes emerging from the soma, including numerous branches. Microtubules were clearly visible in the soma, formed an elaborate network, and were aligned in parallel arrays to form bundles which projected into neurites. After blocking with CRMP-1 antibody, the number of branches emerging from axons and dendrites significantly increased and were substantially longer, compared with control cells. However, the microtubule network nearly disappeared and only a few remnants were visible. When CRMP-1 antibody-blocked neurons were treated with the Rho inhibitor, Y27632, numerous neurites emerged from the soma, and branches were more abundant than in control neurons. Although the microtubules were not as clearly visible compared with neurons cultured in control medium, the microtubule network recovered in cells treated with Y27632, when compared with cells that were blocked by CRMP-1 antibody （but not treated with Y27632）. These results demonstrate that neurite outgrowth from hippocampal neurons can be promoted by blocking CRMP-1 with a polyclonal antibody.展开更多
This paper investigates four classes of functions with a single discontinuous point. We give the sufficient and necessary conditions under which the second order iterates are continuous functions. Furthermore, the suf...This paper investigates four classes of functions with a single discontinuous point. We give the sufficient and necessary conditions under which the second order iterates are continuous functions. Furthermore, the sufficient conditions for the continuity of the even order iterates with finitely many discontinuous points are obtained.展开更多
基金Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Foundation, No.2010B031600102,2010-170-1Guangdong Provincial Medical Science Foundation, No. A2008344Macao Science and Technology Foundation, No.026-2010-A
文摘This study examined the role of collapsin response mediator protein 1 （CRMP-1） on neurite outgrowth from rat hippocampal neurons by blocking its function using an antibody. Hippocampal neurons, cultured in vitro, were treated （blocked） using a polyclonal antibody to CRMP-1, and neurite outgrowth and cytoskeletal changes were captured using atomic force microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Control cells, treated with normal rabbit IgG, established their characteristic morphology and had a large number of processes emerging from the soma, including numerous branches. Microtubules were clearly visible in the soma, formed an elaborate network, and were aligned in parallel arrays to form bundles which projected into neurites. After blocking with CRMP-1 antibody, the number of branches emerging from axons and dendrites significantly increased and were substantially longer, compared with control cells. However, the microtubule network nearly disappeared and only a few remnants were visible. When CRMP-1 antibody-blocked neurons were treated with the Rho inhibitor, Y27632, numerous neurites emerged from the soma, and branches were more abundant than in control neurons. Although the microtubules were not as clearly visible compared with neurons cultured in control medium, the microtubule network recovered in cells treated with Y27632, when compared with cells that were blocked by CRMP-1 antibody （but not treated with Y27632）. These results demonstrate that neurite outgrowth from hippocampal neurons can be promoted by blocking CRMP-1 with a polyclonal antibody.
文摘This paper investigates four classes of functions with a single discontinuous point. We give the sufficient and necessary conditions under which the second order iterates are continuous functions. Furthermore, the sufficient conditions for the continuity of the even order iterates with finitely many discontinuous points are obtained.
