Genetically-and environmentally-dependent processes drive interspecific and intraspecific divergence in the Chinese relict endemic genus Dipteronia

China is a hotspot of relict plant species that were once widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere.Recent research has demonstrated that the occurrence of long-term stable refugia in the mountainous regions of central and south-western China allowed their persistence through the late Neogene climate fluctuations.One of these relict lineages is Dipteronia,an oligotypic tree genus with a fossil record extending to the Paleocene.Here,we investigated the genetic variability,demographic dynamics and diversification patterns of the two currently recognized Dipteronia species(Dipteronia sinensis and D.dyeriana).Molecular data were obtained from 45 populations of Dipteronia by genotyping three cpDNA regions,two single copy nuclear genes and 15 simple sequence repeat loci.The genetic study was combined with niche comparison analyses on the environmental space,ecological niche modeling,and landscape connectivity analysis.We found that the two Dipteronia species have highly diverged both in genetic and ecological terms.Despite the incipient speciation processes that can be observed in D.sinensis,the occurrence of long-term stable refugia and,particularly,a dispersal corridor along Daba Shan-west Qinling,likely ensured its genetic and ecological integrity to date.Our study will not only help us to understand how populations of Dipteronia species responded to the tectonic and climatic changes of the Cenozoic,but also provide insight into how Arcto-Tertiary relict plants in East Asia survived,evolved,and diversified.

Research on the Teaching Reform of “Big Data Analysis and Visualization” Course for College Students

Under the background of the big data era,the education of big data majors is undergoing a profound teaching reform and innovation.With the increasing role of big data technology in analysis and decision-making,updating and expanding the teaching content of big data majors has become particularly important.In the era of big data,modern enterprises have put forward new and higher demands for big data talents,which not only include traditional data analysis skills but also knowledge of data visualization and information technology.To address these challenges,big data education needs to reform and innovate in the development and utilization of teaching content,methods,and resources.This paper proposes teaching models and reform methods for big data majors and analyzes corresponding teaching reforms and innovations to meet the requirements of the new development of big data majors.The traditional classroom teaching method is no longer sufficient to meet the learning needs of students,and more dynamic and interactive teaching methods,such as case studies,flipped classrooms,and project-based learning,are becoming increasingly essential.These innovative teaching methods can more effectively cultivate students’practical operation skills and independent thinking while allowing them to better learn advanced knowledge in a real big-data environment.In addition,the paper also discusses the construction of big data processing and analysis platforms,as well as innovative teaching management and evaluation systems to improve teaching quality.

Diploid chromosome-level reference genome and population genomic analyses provide insights into Gypenoside biosynthesis and demographic evolution of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Cucurbitaceae)

Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb.)Makino is a perennial creeping herbaceous plant in the family Cucurbitaceae,which has great medicinal value and commercial potential,but urgent conservation efforts are needed due to the gradual decreases and fragmented distribution of its wild populations.Here,we report the high-quality diploid chromosome-level genome of G.pentaphyllum obtained using a combination of next-generation sequencing short reads,Nanopore long reads,and Hi-C sequencing technologies.The genome is anchored to 11 pseudo-chromosomes with a total size of 608.95 Mb and 26588 predicted genes.Comparative genomic analyses indicate that G.pentaphyllum is estimated to have diverged from Momordica charantia 60.7 million years ago,with no recent whole-genome duplication event.Genomic population analyses based on genotyping-by-sequencing and ecological niche analyses indicated low genetic diversity but a strong population structure within the species,which could classify 32 G.pentaphyllum populations into three geographical groups shaped jointly by geographic and climate factors.Furthermore,comparative transcriptome analyses showed that the genes encoding enzyme involved in gypenoside biosynthesis had higher expression levels in the leaves and tendrils.Overall,the findings obtained in this study provide an effective molecular basis for further studies of demographic genetics,ecological adaption,and systematic evolution in Cucurbitaceae species,as well as contributing to molecular breeding,and the biosynthesis and biotransformation of gypenoside.

Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense Ecological Landscape Forest in Shenzhen City in 2021

Taking Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen City as an example,the value of the forest was assessed by constructing an ecological service value assessment system and accounting method.The assessment results showed that the total ecosystem service value of R.moulmainense ecological landscape forest was 13.195 billion yuan,and the top three services included the value of forestry products,the value of biodiversity maintenance and the value of leisure and recreation,indicating that the ecosystem service of Wutong Mountain R.moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen has great ecological and economic value,especially in forestry products,biodiversity maintenance,and leisure and recreation.

A Pilot Study on Biodiversity Friendly Park in Longhua District:Taking Guanlan Printmaking Base as an Example

In order to actively implement the Convention on Biological Diversity and help Shenzhen build a "park city" and a model of beautiful China, the concepts of landscape ecology, landscape urbanism and bio friendly city are introduced to build an evaluation system for biodiversity friendly parks in Longhua District, and explore the relationship between "bio friendly living space" and "city". According to the evaluation system, the Guanlan Printmaking Base scores a total of 273 points, which is rated as a relatively friendly level. In order to coordinate the development between the city and the biosphere and contribute to the goal of building a biodiversity based urban park, the construction of a biodiversity friendly park in Guanlan Printmaking Base is carried out in terms of comprehensive design, plant community construction and biodiversity friendly facilities construction according to the construction principles of biological priority guidance, functional integration and diversification, respect for the park's regionality, and valuing the reachability of natural space.

The impacts of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet on weather extremes over China in early and late summer

Summer weather extremes(e.g.,heavy rainfall,heat waves)in China have been linked to anomalies of summer monsoon circulations.The East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ),an important component of the summer monsoon circulations,was investigated to elucidate the dynamical linkages between its intraseasonal variations and local weather extremes.Based on EOF analysis,the dominant mode of the EASWJ in early summer is characterized by anomalous westerlies centered over North China and anomalous easterlies centered over the south of Japan.This mode is conducive to the occurrence of precipitation extremes over Central and North China and humid heat extremes over most areas of China except Northwest and Northeast China.The centers of the dominant mode of the EASWJ in late summer extend more to the west and north than in early summer,and induce anomalous weather extremes in the corresponding areas.The dominant mode of the EASWJ in late summer is characterized by anomalous westerlies centered over the south of Lake Baikal and anomalous easterlies centered over Central China,which is favorable for the occurrence of precipitation extremes over northern and southern China and humid heat extremes over most areas of China except parts of southern China and northern Xinjiang Province.The variability of the EASWJ can influence precipitation and humid heat extremes by driving anomalous vertical motion and water vapor transport over the corresponding areas in early and late summer.

A multichannel human-swarm robot interaction system in augmented reality

Background A large number of robots have put forward the new requirements for human robot interaction.One of the problems in human-swarm robot interaction is how to naturally achieve an efficient and accurate interaction between humans and swarm robot systems.To address this,this paper proposes a new type of human-swarm natural interaction system.Methods Through the cooperation between three-dimensional(3D)gesture interaction channel and natural language instruction channel,a natural and efficient interaction between a human and swarm robots is achieved.Results First,A 3D lasso technology realizes a batch-picking interaction of swarm robots through oriented bounding boxes.Second,control instruction labels for swarm-oriented robots are defined.The instruction label is integrated with the 3D gesture and natural language through instruction label filling.Finally,the understanding of natural language instructions is realized through a text classifier based on the maximum entropy model.A head-mounted augmented reality display device is used as a visual feedback channel.Conclusions The experiments on selecting robots verify the feasibility and availability of the system.

An Isolable Phosphinogermylyne as a Synthon of One-Coordinate GeⅠRadical

Reduction of chlorogermylene MsFluindtBu-GeCl 1 with potassium graphite(KC8)afforded putative germylyne radical MsFluindtBu-Ge 2 as confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)spectroscopy.However,it slowly decayed via C—H bond activation at the fluorenyl moiety to yield a bis(germylene)3 at room temperature.By using a Lewis base to stabilize the unoccupied p orbital at the GeⅠradical center,acyclic two-coordinate GeⅠradicals MsFluindtBu-Ge(IMe4)4(IMe4=1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene),MsFluindtBu-Ge(IiPr)5(IiPr=1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene),MsFluindtBu-Ge(PMe3)6 were isolated in crystalline forms.The unpaired electron in 4-6 mainly resides at the Ge 4p orbital as revealed by EPR spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations.Interestingly,facile ligand exchange of PMe3 in 6 with IMe4 and IiPr was observed to afford 4 and 5,respectively.Moreover,phosphinogermylyne 6 reacted with PhEEPh(E=S,Se),4-tetrabutylphenylacetylene(Ar'CCH),[CpMo(CO)3]2 and nBu3SnH to furnish germylenes MsFluindtBu-GeEPh(E=S 7,Se 8),MsFluindtBu-GeCH=CHAr'9,a germylyne complex MsFluindtBu-Ge≡Mo(CO)2Cp 10 and a Ge(Ⅳ)compound MsFluindtBu-GeH2SnnBu311,respectively.The reactivity studies demonstrate that 6 can act as a synthon of one-coordinate germylyne radical attributing to labile coordination of trimethylphosphine.

论网上美好精神家园及其建设

网络空间是亿万民众共同的精神家园,建设网上美好精神家园是民心所向、网意所趋。网上美好精神家园是人民群众共建共享的提供网络美好精神食粮、满足网民美好精神生活需要、形塑网民美好精神风貌、增强网民追求美好生活精神正能量的网络精神世界。网上美好精神家园建设的目标旨归是在网上精神家园中巩固主流意识形态主导的共同思想基础、培养堪当中华民族复兴大任的时代新人、凝聚推进中国式现代化的强大精神力量,实现网络强基固本、网络铸魂育人、网络凝心聚力三者的有机统一。面对多元多样的网民精神需求、不断出现的网络乱象、隐匿渗透的西方意识形态等现实挑战,实现网上美好精神家园建设的目标,必须铸牢队伍精神支柱、浸润网民精神世界、激发网民奋进动力、构筑道德法律防线、过滤网络空间雾霾。

Development of functional connectome gradients during childhood and adolescence

Connectome mapping studies have documented a principal primary-to-transmodal gradient in the adult brain network,capturing a functional spectrum that ranges from perception and action to abstract cognition.However,how this gradient pattern develops and whether its development is linked to cognitive growth,topological reorganization,and gene expression profiles remain largely unknown.Using longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 305 children(aged 6-14 years),we describe substantial changes in the primary-to-transmodal gradient between childhood and adolescence,including emergence as the principal gradient,expansion of global topography,and focal tuning in primary and default-mode regions.These gradient changes are mediated by developmental changes in network integration and segregation,and are associated with abstract processing functions such as working memory and expression levels of calcium ion regulated exocytosis and synaptic transmission-related genes.Our findings have implications for understanding connectome maturation principles in normal development and developmental disorders.

Osteoimmunomodulatory effects of biomaterial modification strategies on macrophage polarization and bone regeneration

Biomaterials as bone substitutes are always considered as foreign bodies that can trigger host immune responses.Traditional designing principles have been always aimed at minimizing the immune reactions by fabricating inert biomaterials.However,clinical evidence revealed that those methods still have limitations and many of which were only feasible in the laboratory.Currently,osteoimmunology,the very pioneering concept is drawing more and more attention-it does not simply regard the immune response as an obstacle during bone healing but emphasizes the intimate relationship of the immune and skeletal system,which includes diverse cells,cytokines,and signaling pathways.Properties of biomaterials like topography,wettability,surface charge,the release of cytokines,mediators,ions and other bioactive molecules can impose effects on immune responses to interfere with the skeletal system.Based on the bone formation mechanisms,the designing methods of the biomaterials change from immune evasive to immune reprogramming.Here,we discuss the osteoimmunomodulatory effects of the new modification strategies—adjusting properties of bone biomaterials to induce a favorable osteoimmune environment.Such strategies showed potential to benefit the development of bone materials and lay a solid foundation for the future clinical application.

The EGFR-P38 MAPK axis up-regulates PD-L1 through miR-675-5p and down-regulates HLA-ABC via hexokinase-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Background:Immunotherapy has been shown to be a promising strategy against human cancers.A better understanding of the immune regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)could help the development of immunotherapy against HCC.The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)signaling is frequently activated in HCC and plays important roles in tumorigenesis.However,its role in HCC immunity is still largely unknown.This study aimed to investigate the impact of EGFR signaling on programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)and human leukocyte antigen class-I(HLA-I)expression in HCC cells and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:The expression of phosphorylated EGFR(p-EGFR),PD-L1,and HLAI(HLA-ABC)in HCC specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry,and their correlations were analyzed.PD-L1 and HLA-ABC expression in EGFRactivated HCC cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR,Western blotting,and flow cytometry,and T cell-mediated lysis was performed to test the immunosuppressive effects of PD-L1 and HLA-ABC alterations in HCC cells.Furthermore,the underlying mechanisms of EGFR activation-induced PD-L1 up-regulation and HLA-ABC down-regulation were explored by animal experiments,luciferase reporter assay,and gene gain-and loss-of-function studies.Results:p-EGFR was positively correlated with PD-L1 and negatively correlated with HLA-ABC expression in HCCs.EGFR activation by its ligand EGF up-regulated PD-L1 and down-regulated HLA-ABC in HCC cells,which was functionally important and could be abolished by the EGFR inhibitor,gefitinib,both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,enhanced P38 mitogenactivated protein kinase(MAPK)activation down-regulated microRNA-675-5p(miR-675-5p)and up-regulated glycolysis-related enzyme hexokinase 2(HK2);miR-675-5p down-regulation enhanced the stability of PD-L1 mRNA probably via the 3’-untranslated region(3’-UTR)of PD-L1 and thereby caused PD-L1 accumulation,and HK2 up-regulation enhanced aerobic glycolysis and mediated a decrease in HLA-ABC.Conclusions:The EGFR-P38 MAPK axis could up-regulate PD-L1 through miR-675-5p and down-regulate HLA-ABC via HK2 in HCC cells.Our study reveals a novel signaling network that may cause immune suppression in HCC and suggests that EGFR signaling can be targeted for HCC immunotherapy.

Impact of Greenland blocking on midlatitude extreme cold weather:Modulation of Arctic sea ice in western Greenland

In this study,we analyzed 1979–2019 daily ERA-Interim reanalysis data in winter and performed atmospheric circulation experiments to examine the modulation of Arctic sea ice in western Greenland(Baffin Bay,Davis Strait,and the Labrador Sea,BDL)on winter Greenland blockings.It is found that low BDL sea ice and high BDL surface temperature favor frequent,long-lived,westward-moving Greenland blockings in winter,which cause frequent and strengthening cold surges over the mid-eastern United States.In contrast,high BDL sea ice and low BDL surface temperature favor short-lived,less frequent and quasi-stationary Greenland blockings,mainly leading to cold anomalies in North Europe.Low wintertime BDL sea ice reduces the background potential vorticity meridional gradient(PVy)and zonal wind over the mid-high latitudes of the North Atlantic,which enhances the nonlinearity of Greenland blocking,accelerates the phase speed of its westward movement,and weakens its energy dispersion,thus favoring the occurrence and persistence of Greenland blocking.High BDL sea ice strengthens the background PVyand zonal wind in the mid-high latitudes of the North Atlantic,which weakens the nonlinearity and movement of Greenland blocking,enhances its energy dispersion,and thus suppresses the occurrence and persistence of Greenland blocking and its retrogression.A set of atmospheric circulation experiments supports the above results based on the reanalysis dataset.

The Impact of a Health Forecasting Service on the Visits and Costs in Outpatient and Emergency Departments for COPD Patients--Shanghai Municipality,China,October 2019–April 2020

What is already known on this topic?The morbidity and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is associated with adverse weather and air pollution.However,COPD patients are not able to be alerted in advance of high risk environments.What is added by this report?This prospective controlled trial conducted in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from October 2019 to April 2020 provided evidence of COPD risk forecasting service on the reductions in visits and costs of COPD patients in outpatient and emergency departments in China for the first time.What are the implications for public health practice?This study suggests that COPD risk forecasting service could be integrated into existing COPD management in public health to improve the health and economic outcomes.

妊娠期地中海贫血的筛查与诊断

地中海贫血是由于珠蛋白基因发生突变或者缺失引起的遗传性溶血性贫血。患地中海贫血的孕产妇发生与贫血相关的不良妊娠结局风险增加,如何有效对孕产妇进行地中海贫血筛查、诊断以及产前诊断是产科工作者的研究重点。本文根据近年来的指南、研究及实践经验,对妊娠期地中海贫血的筛查与诊断问题进行阐述。

Frequency-Resolved Connectome Hubs and Their Test-Retest Reliability in the Resting Human Brain

Functional hubs with disproportionately extensive connectivities play a crucial role in global information integration in human brain networks.However,most resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(R-fMRI)studies have identified functional hubs by examining spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal within a typical low-frequency band(e.g.,0.01–0.08 Hz or 0.01–0.1 Hz).Little is known about how the spatial distributions of functional hubs depend on frequency bands of interest.Here,we used repeatedly measured R-fMRI data from 53 healthy young adults and a degree centrality analysis to identify voxelwise frequency-resolved functional hubs and further examined their test-retest reliability across two sessions.We showed that a wide-range frequency band(0.01–0.24 Hz)accessible with a typical sampling rate(fsample=0.5 Hz)could be classified into three frequency bands with distinct patterns,namely,low-frequency(LF,0.01–0.06 Hz),middle-frequency(MF,0.06–0.16 Hz),and high-frequency(HF,0.16–0.24 Hz)bands.The functional hubs were mainly located in the medial and lateral frontal and parietal cortices in the LF band,and in the medial prefrontal cortex,superior temporal gyrus,parahippocampal gyrus,amygdala,and several cerebellar regions in the MF and HF bands.These hub regions exhibited fair to good test-retest reliability,regardless of the frequency band.The presence of the three frequency bands was well replicated using an independent R-fMRI dataset from 45 healthy young adults.Our findings demonstrate reliable frequency-resolved functional connectivity hubs in three categories,thus providing insights into the frequency-specific connectome organization in healthy and disordered brains.

Multiple-scale temporal variations and fluxes near a hydrothermal vent over the Southwest Indian Ridge

A deep-ocean mooring system was deployed 100 m away from an active hydrothermal vent over the Southwest Indian Ridge （SWIR）, where the water depth is about 2,800 m. One year of data on ocean temperature 50 m away from the ocean floor and on velocities at four levels （44 m, 40 m, 36 m, and 32 m away from the ocean floor） were collected by the mooring system. Multiple- scale variations were extracted from these data： seasonal, tidal, super-tidal, and eddy scales. The semidiumal tide was the strongest tidal signal among all the tidal constituents in both currents and temperature. With the multiple-scale variation presented in the data, a new method was developed to decompose the data into five parts in terms of temporal scales： time-mean, seasonal, tidal, super-tidal, and eddy. It was shown that both eddy and tidal heat （momentum） fluxes were characterized by variation in the bottom topography： the tidal fluxes of heat and momentum in the along-isobath direction were much stronger than those in the cross-isobath direction. For the heat flux, eddy heat flux was stronger than tidal heat flux in the cross-isobath direction, while eddy heat flux was weaker in the along-isobath direction. For the momentum flux, the eddy momentum flux was weaker than tidal momentum flux in both directions. The eddy momen^m fluxes at the four levels had a good relationship with the magnitude of mean currents： it increased with the mean current in an exponential relationship.