Every year, hurricanes pose a serious threat to coastal communities, and forecasting their maximum intensities has been a crucial task for scientists. Computational methods have been used to forecast the intensities o...Every year, hurricanes pose a serious threat to coastal communities, and forecasting their maximum intensities has been a crucial task for scientists. Computational methods have been used to forecast the intensities of hurricanes across varying time horizons. However, as climate change has increased the volatility of the intensities of recent hurricanes, newer and adaptable methods must be devised. In this study, a framework is proposed to estimate the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Atlantic Ocean using a multi-input convolutional neural network (CNN). From the Atlantic hurricane seasons of 2000 through 2021, over 100 TCs that reached hurricane-level wind speeds are used. Novel algorithms are used to collect and preprocess both satellite image data and non-image data for these TCs. Namely, Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWTs) are used to decompose individual bands of satellite image data, eliminating noise and extracting hidden frequency details before training. Validation tests indicate that this framework can estimate the maximum wind speed of TCs with a root mean square error of 15 knots. This framework provides preliminary predictions that can supplement current computational methods that would otherwise not be able to account for climate change. Future work can be done by forecasting with time constraints, and to provide estimations for more metrics such as pressure and precipitation.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Scholars have supposed to establish animal models of optic neuropathy by pressing and partially amputating optic nerve, increasing intraocular pressure and injecting vasoconstrictor, etc., but the models ...BACKGROUND： Scholars have supposed to establish animal models of optic neuropathy by pressing and partially amputating optic nerve, increasing intraocular pressure and injecting vasoconstrictor, etc., but the models are greatly different from anterior ischemia optic neuropathy. Therefore, a more ideal method is needed to establish animal model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy （AION）. OBJECTIVE ： To establish AION models in rats, observe the functional changes of fundus, fundus fluorescein angiography （FFA）, optical coherence tomography （OCT）, flash visual evoked potential （F-VEP）, and histopathologically confirm its reliability. DESIGN： A randomized control tria SETTINGS ： Department of Ophthalmology, Xi＇an Fourth Hospital; Xi＇an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases MATERIALS ： The experiments were carried out in the research room of Xi＇an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases from February 2005 to May 2006. Thirty healthy male SD rats of 4-5 weeks old, weighing 140-160 g, were provided by the animal experimental center of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA [SCXK （Military）2002-005], and those without eye disease examined by slit lamp and direct ophthalmoscope after mydriasis were enrolled. The conditions for feeding mice without special pathogen were strictly followed. The rats were randomly divided into blank control group （n =5）, laser group （n =5）, hematoporphyrin derivative （HPD） group and AION group （n =15）, each group was numbered randomly. For each rat, the right eye was taken as the experimental eye, and the left one as the control one. METHODS： In the AION group, the rats were injected with HPD （10 mg/kg） via caudal vein, and then the optic discs were exposed to krypton red （647 nm, 80 mV） for 120 s, and the rats were in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively. Rats in the laser group were only exposed to krypton red （647 rim, 80 mV） for 120 s, and in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively; Those in the HPD group were only injected with HPD （10 mg/kg） via caudal vein; Those in the blank control group were untouched. （1） Visual electrophysiological test： The F-VEP was used to evaluate the function of visual nerve. （2） FFA： After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the fluorescein sodium parenteral solution （1 mL/kg） was injected v/a caudal vein and finished within about 3 s, the time of FFA was recorded from the beginning of injection, the video sight aimed at the optic disc and the surrounding area. （3） After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the rats were examined with OCT. （4） Histological observation： After hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining, the optic disc and surrounding blood vessels of retina were observed under light microscope at high power field. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The results of fundus, FFA, visual electrophysiological test and OCT detection within 90 days after model establishment were observed. RESULTS： Of the 30 rats, 1 died after anesthesia in the laser group and 2 died in the AION group respectively, and finally 27 rats were involved in the analysis of results. （1） Changes in fundus： In the AION group, there was edema in upper optic disc and unclear boundary at 1 day after establishment, edema still could be observed at 6 days, and upper optic disc atrophied and appeared as pale at 90 days. （2） FFA results： In the AION group, early ＂low fluorescence＂, middle and late ＂high fluorescence＂ were observed in upper optic disc 1 day after model establishment, and there was ＂low fluorescence＂ at 6 days, and the low fluorescence could be observed all the time at 23 days. （3） Visual electrophysiological changes： In the AION group as compared with the control eyes, the experimental ones had prolonged F-VEP P100 latency [（71.65±8.81）, （57.58±8.38） ms, t =3.148, P =0.012], and decreased wave amplitude [（4.77±1.90）, （10.06±3.66） μV, t =4.082, P =0.003], and these changes lasted to 35 days after model establishment. （4） OCT results： In the AION group, the reflection surface of part nerve fiber layer was higher than the retina plane, the surface was rough and the thickness was increased at 6 days after model establishment. （5） Histopathological results： At 1 day after model establishment, part optic discs had highly edema, edema of nerve fibers, and loose tissue, also accompanied by the displacement of surrounding retina; At 23 days, the optic disc and surrounding nerve fiber layers became thinner, and the numbers of ganglion nuclei in the retina tissue sections were obviously decreased. These changes were not observed in the laser group, HPD group and blank control group. CONCLUSION ： The changes of fundus, FFA, OCT, visual electrophysiology and histopathology confirmed that the krypton red laser irradiation （647 nm） at 2 hours after HPD was injected via caudal vein can establish more ideal animal models of AION.展开更多
Data aggregation has been widely researched to address the privacy concern when data is published,meanwhile,data aggregation only obtains the sum or average in an area.In reality,more fine-grained data brings more val...Data aggregation has been widely researched to address the privacy concern when data is published,meanwhile,data aggregation only obtains the sum or average in an area.In reality,more fine-grained data brings more value for data consumers,such as more accurate management,dynamic price-adjusting in the grid system,etc.In this paper,a multi-subset data aggregation scheme for the smart grid is proposed without a trusted third party,in which the control center collects the number of users in different subsets,and obtains the sum of electricity consumption in each subset,meantime individual user’s data privacy is still preserved.In addition,the dynamic and flexible user management mechanism is guaranteed with the secret key negotiation process among users.The analysis shows MSDA not only protects users’privacy to resist various attacks but also achieves more functionality such as multi-subset aggregation,no reliance on any trusted third party,dynamicity.And performance evaluation demonstrates that MSDA is efficient and practical in terms of communication and computation overhead.展开更多
A multi-agent consensus-based market scheme is proposed for the cooperation of community and multiple microgrids(MGs)in a distributed,economic and hierarchal man-ner.The proposed community-based market framework with ...A multi-agent consensus-based market scheme is proposed for the cooperation of community and multiple microgrids(MGs)in a distributed,economic and hierarchal man-ner.The proposed community-based market framework with frequency regulation(FR)market is formulated as a two-level scheduling problem:the global decision-making process of community agent(CA)to participate in the FR market and the interaction and control process of local MGs to achieve collaboration in response to the global target with efficient pricing rules.Specifically,the model predictive control(MPC)is integrated with the consensus-based theory to allow MG to obtain an economic and reliable dispatch in the presence of uncertainties of distributed generators and loads.Thanks to the distributed nature of the proposed scheme,its robustness to communication issues has been strengthened and a win-win situation for all energy stakeholders can be achieved.The robustness of the proposed scheme is investigated in various conditions,including different implementation strategies,communication topologies,and the level of uncertainties.展开更多
文摘Every year, hurricanes pose a serious threat to coastal communities, and forecasting their maximum intensities has been a crucial task for scientists. Computational methods have been used to forecast the intensities of hurricanes across varying time horizons. However, as climate change has increased the volatility of the intensities of recent hurricanes, newer and adaptable methods must be devised. In this study, a framework is proposed to estimate the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Atlantic Ocean using a multi-input convolutional neural network (CNN). From the Atlantic hurricane seasons of 2000 through 2021, over 100 TCs that reached hurricane-level wind speeds are used. Novel algorithms are used to collect and preprocess both satellite image data and non-image data for these TCs. Namely, Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWTs) are used to decompose individual bands of satellite image data, eliminating noise and extracting hidden frequency details before training. Validation tests indicate that this framework can estimate the maximum wind speed of TCs with a root mean square error of 15 knots. This framework provides preliminary predictions that can supplement current computational methods that would otherwise not be able to account for climate change. Future work can be done by forecasting with time constraints, and to provide estimations for more metrics such as pressure and precipitation.
基金a grant from Scientific Research Fund of Shaanxi Department of Hygiene, No. 04AC1
文摘BACKGROUND： Scholars have supposed to establish animal models of optic neuropathy by pressing and partially amputating optic nerve, increasing intraocular pressure and injecting vasoconstrictor, etc., but the models are greatly different from anterior ischemia optic neuropathy. Therefore, a more ideal method is needed to establish animal model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy （AION）. OBJECTIVE ： To establish AION models in rats, observe the functional changes of fundus, fundus fluorescein angiography （FFA）, optical coherence tomography （OCT）, flash visual evoked potential （F-VEP）, and histopathologically confirm its reliability. DESIGN： A randomized control tria SETTINGS ： Department of Ophthalmology, Xi＇an Fourth Hospital; Xi＇an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases MATERIALS ： The experiments were carried out in the research room of Xi＇an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases from February 2005 to May 2006. Thirty healthy male SD rats of 4-5 weeks old, weighing 140-160 g, were provided by the animal experimental center of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA [SCXK （Military）2002-005], and those without eye disease examined by slit lamp and direct ophthalmoscope after mydriasis were enrolled. The conditions for feeding mice without special pathogen were strictly followed. The rats were randomly divided into blank control group （n =5）, laser group （n =5）, hematoporphyrin derivative （HPD） group and AION group （n =15）, each group was numbered randomly. For each rat, the right eye was taken as the experimental eye, and the left one as the control one. METHODS： In the AION group, the rats were injected with HPD （10 mg/kg） via caudal vein, and then the optic discs were exposed to krypton red （647 nm, 80 mV） for 120 s, and the rats were in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively. Rats in the laser group were only exposed to krypton red （647 rim, 80 mV） for 120 s, and in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively; Those in the HPD group were only injected with HPD （10 mg/kg） via caudal vein; Those in the blank control group were untouched. （1） Visual electrophysiological test： The F-VEP was used to evaluate the function of visual nerve. （2） FFA： After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the fluorescein sodium parenteral solution （1 mL/kg） was injected v/a caudal vein and finished within about 3 s, the time of FFA was recorded from the beginning of injection, the video sight aimed at the optic disc and the surrounding area. （3） After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the rats were examined with OCT. （4） Histological observation： After hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining, the optic disc and surrounding blood vessels of retina were observed under light microscope at high power field. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The results of fundus, FFA, visual electrophysiological test and OCT detection within 90 days after model establishment were observed. RESULTS： Of the 30 rats, 1 died after anesthesia in the laser group and 2 died in the AION group respectively, and finally 27 rats were involved in the analysis of results. （1） Changes in fundus： In the AION group, there was edema in upper optic disc and unclear boundary at 1 day after establishment, edema still could be observed at 6 days, and upper optic disc atrophied and appeared as pale at 90 days. （2） FFA results： In the AION group, early ＂low fluorescence＂, middle and late ＂high fluorescence＂ were observed in upper optic disc 1 day after model establishment, and there was ＂low fluorescence＂ at 6 days, and the low fluorescence could be observed all the time at 23 days. （3） Visual electrophysiological changes： In the AION group as compared with the control eyes, the experimental ones had prolonged F-VEP P100 latency [（71.65±8.81）, （57.58±8.38） ms, t =3.148, P =0.012], and decreased wave amplitude [（4.77±1.90）, （10.06±3.66） μV, t =4.082, P =0.003], and these changes lasted to 35 days after model establishment. （4） OCT results： In the AION group, the reflection surface of part nerve fiber layer was higher than the retina plane, the surface was rough and the thickness was increased at 6 days after model establishment. （5） Histopathological results： At 1 day after model establishment, part optic discs had highly edema, edema of nerve fibers, and loose tissue, also accompanied by the displacement of surrounding retina; At 23 days, the optic disc and surrounding nerve fiber layers became thinner, and the numbers of ganglion nuclei in the retina tissue sections were obviously decreased. These changes were not observed in the laser group, HPD group and blank control group. CONCLUSION ： The changes of fundus, FFA, OCT, visual electrophysiology and histopathology confirmed that the krypton red laser irradiation （647 nm） at 2 hours after HPD was injected via caudal vein can establish more ideal animal models of AION.
基金This work was supported partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61162016,62072133,U1811264,U1711263,61966009)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2018GXNSFDA281040,2018GXNSFDA281045)the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCBZ2020062).
文摘Data aggregation has been widely researched to address the privacy concern when data is published,meanwhile,data aggregation only obtains the sum or average in an area.In reality,more fine-grained data brings more value for data consumers,such as more accurate management,dynamic price-adjusting in the grid system,etc.In this paper,a multi-subset data aggregation scheme for the smart grid is proposed without a trusted third party,in which the control center collects the number of users in different subsets,and obtains the sum of electricity consumption in each subset,meantime individual user’s data privacy is still preserved.In addition,the dynamic and flexible user management mechanism is guaranteed with the secret key negotiation process among users.The analysis shows MSDA not only protects users’privacy to resist various attacks but also achieves more functionality such as multi-subset aggregation,no reliance on any trusted third party,dynamicity.And performance evaluation demonstrates that MSDA is efficient and practical in terms of communication and computation overhead.
基金This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFE0112600).
文摘A multi-agent consensus-based market scheme is proposed for the cooperation of community and multiple microgrids(MGs)in a distributed,economic and hierarchal man-ner.The proposed community-based market framework with frequency regulation(FR)market is formulated as a two-level scheduling problem:the global decision-making process of community agent(CA)to participate in the FR market and the interaction and control process of local MGs to achieve collaboration in response to the global target with efficient pricing rules.Specifically,the model predictive control(MPC)is integrated with the consensus-based theory to allow MG to obtain an economic and reliable dispatch in the presence of uncertainties of distributed generators and loads.Thanks to the distributed nature of the proposed scheme,its robustness to communication issues has been strengthened and a win-win situation for all energy stakeholders can be achieved.The robustness of the proposed scheme is investigated in various conditions,including different implementation strategies,communication topologies,and the level of uncertainties.
