Global gridded crop models(GGCMs) have been broadly applied to assess the impacts of climate and environmental change and adaptation on agricultural production. China is a major grain producing country, but thus far o...Global gridded crop models(GGCMs) have been broadly applied to assess the impacts of climate and environmental change and adaptation on agricultural production. China is a major grain producing country, but thus far only a few studies have assessed the performance of GGCMs in China, and these studies mainly focused on the average and interannual variability of national and regional yields. Here, a systematic national-and provincial-scale evaluation of the simulations by13 GGCMs [12 from the GGCM Intercomparison(GGCMI) project, phase 1, and CLM5-crop] of the yields of four crops(wheat, maize, rice, and soybean) in China during 1980–2009 was carried out through comparison with crop yield statistics collected from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Results showed that GGCMI models generally underestimate the national yield of rice but overestimate it for the other three crops, while CLM5-crop can reproduce the national yields of wheat, maize, and rice well. Most GGCMs struggle to simulate the spatial patterns of crop yields. In terms of temporal variability, GGCMI models generally fail to capture the observed significant increases, but some can skillfully simulate the interannual variability. Conversely, CLM5-crop can represent the increases in wheat, maize, and rice, but works less well in simulating the interannual variability. At least one model can skillfully reproduce the temporal variability of yields in the top-10 producing provinces in China, albeit with a few exceptions. This study, for the first time, provides a complete picture of GGCM performance in China, which is important for GGCM development and understanding the reliability and uncertainty of national-and provincial-scale crop yield prediction in China.展开更多
The atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration has been increasing rapidly since the Industrial Revolution,which has led to unequivocal global warming and crucial environmental change.It is extremely important to...The atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration has been increasing rapidly since the Industrial Revolution,which has led to unequivocal global warming and crucial environmental change.It is extremely important to investigate the interactions among atmospheric CO_(2),the physical climate system,and the carbon cycle of the underlying surface for a better understanding of the Earth system.Earth system models are widely used to investigate these interactions via coupled carbon-climate simulations.The Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2(CAS-ESM2.0)has successfully fixed a two-way coupling of atmospheric CO_(2)with the climate and carbon cycle on land and in the ocean.Using CAS-ESM2.0,we conducted a coupled carbon-climate simulation by following the CMIP6 proposal of a historical emissions-driven experiment.This paper examines the modeled CO_(2)by comparison with observed CO_(2)at the sites of Mauna Loa and Barrow,and the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite(GOSAT)CO_(2)product.The results showed that CAS-ESM2.0 agrees very well with observations in reproducing the increasing trend of annual CO_(2)during the period 1850-2014,and in capturing the seasonal cycle of CO_(2)at the two baseline sites,as well as over northern high latitudes.These agreements illustrate a good ability of CAS-ESM2.0 in simulating carbon-climate interactions,even though uncertainties remain in the processes involved.This paper reports an important stage of the development of CAS-ESM with the coupling of carbon and climate,which will provide significant scientific support for climate research and China’s goal of carbon neutrality.展开更多
In the past several decades, dynamic global vegetation models(DGVMs) have been the most widely used and appropriate tool at the global scale to investigate vegetation-climate interactions. At the Institute of Atmosphe...In the past several decades, dynamic global vegetation models(DGVMs) have been the most widely used and appropriate tool at the global scale to investigate vegetation-climate interactions. At the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, a new version of DGVM(IAP-DGVM) has been developed and coupled to the Common Land Model(CoLM) within the framework of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Earth System Model(CAS-ESM). This work reports the performance of IAP-DGVM through comparisons with that of the default DGVM of CoLM(CoLM-DGVM) and observations. With respect to CoLMDGVM, IAP-DGVM simulated fewer tropical trees, more "needleleaf evergreen boreal tree" and "broadleaf deciduous boreal shrub", and a better representation of grasses. These contributed to a more realistic vegetation distribution in IAP-DGVM,including spatial patterns, total areas, and compositions. Moreover, IAP-DGVM also produced more accurate carbon fluxes than CoLM-DGVM when compared with observational estimates. Gross primary productivity and net primary production in IAP-DGVM were in better agreement with observations than those of CoLM-DGVM, and the tropical pattern of fire carbon emissions in IAP-DGVM was much more consistent with the observation than that in CoLM-DGVM. The leaf area index simulated by IAP-DGVM was closer to the observation than that of CoLM-DGVM; however, both simulated values about twice as large as in the observation. This evaluation provides valuable information for the application of CAS-ESM, as well as for other model communities in terms of a comparative benchmark.展开更多
Environmental changes are expected to shift the distribution and abundance of vegetation by determining seedling establishment and success. However, most current ecosystem models only focus on the impacts of abiotic f...Environmental changes are expected to shift the distribution and abundance of vegetation by determining seedling establishment and success. However, most current ecosystem models only focus on the impacts of abiotic factors on biogeophysics(e.g., global distribution, etc.), ignoring their roles in the population dynamics(e.g., seedling establishment rate, mortality rate, etc.) of ecological communities. Such neglect may lead to biases in ecosystem population dynamics(such as changes in population density for woody species in forest ecosystems) and characteristics. In the present study, a new establishment scheme for introducing soil water as a function rather than a threshold was developed and validated, using version 1.0 of the IAP-DGVM as a test bed. The results showed that soil water in the establishment scheme had a remarkable influence on forest transition zones. Compared with the original scheme, the new scheme significantly improved simulations of tree population density, especially in the peripheral areas of forests and transition zones. Consequently, biases in forest fractional coverage were reduced in approximately 78.8% of the global grid cells. The global simulated areas of tree, shrub, grass and bare soil performed better, where the relative biases were reduced from 34.3% to 4.8%, from 27.6% to 13.1%, from 55.2% to 9.2%, and from 37.6% to 3.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the new scheme had more reasonable dependencies of plant functional types(PFTs) on mean annual precipitation, and described the correct dominant PFTs in the tropical rainforest peripheral areas of the Amazon and central Africa.展开更多
Terrestrial ecosystems are an important part of Earth systems,and they are undergoing remarkable changes in response to global warming.This study investigates the response of the terrestrial vegetation distribution an...Terrestrial ecosystems are an important part of Earth systems,and they are undergoing remarkable changes in response to global warming.This study investigates the response of the terrestrial vegetation distribution and carbon fluxes to global warming by using the new dynamic global vegetation model in the second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Earth System Model(CAS-ESM2).We conducted two sets of simulations,a present-day simulation and a future simulation,which were forced by the present-day climate during 1981-2000 and the future climate during 2081-2100,respectively,as derived from RCP8.5 outputs in CMIP5.CO_(2)concentration is kept constant in all simulations to isolate CO_(2)-fertilization effects.The results show an overall increase in vegetation coverage in response to global warming,which is the net result of the greening in the mid-high latitudes and the browning in the tropics.The results also show an enhancement in carbon fluxes in response to global warming,including gross primary productivity,net primary productivity,and autotrophic respiration.We found that the changes in vegetation coverage were significantly correlated with changes in surface air temperature,reflecting the dominant role of temperature,while the changes in carbon fluxes were caused by the combined effects of leaf area index,temperature,and precipitation.This study applies the CAS-ESM2 to investigate the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate warming.Even though the interpretation of the results is limited by isolating CO_(2)-fertilization effects,this application is still beneficial for adding to our understanding of vegetation processes and to further improve upon model parameterizations.展开更多
Biliary atresia is a rare infant disease that predisposes patients to liver transplantation and death if not treated in time.However,early diagnosis is challenging because the clinical manifestations and laboratory te...Biliary atresia is a rare infant disease that predisposes patients to liver transplantation and death if not treated in time.However,early diagnosis is challenging because the clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of biliary atresia overlap with other cholestatic diseases.Therefore,it is very important to develop a simple,safe and reliable method for the early diagnosis of biliary atresia.Herein,a novel NIR-Ⅱfluorescence probe,HZL2,with high quantum yield,excellent biocompatibility,low cytotoxicity and rapid excretion through the liver and gallbladder was developed based on the oil/water partition coefficient and permeability.A simple fecal sample after injection of HZL2 can be used to efficiently identify the success of the mouse model of biliary atresia for the first time,allowing for an early diagnosis of the disease.This study not only developed a simple and safe method for the early diagnosis of biliary atresia with great potential in clinical translation but also provides a research tool for the development of pathogenesis and therapeutic medicines for biliary atresia.展开更多
Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-Ⅱ,1000-1700 nm)is a promising modality for real-time imaging of cancer and image-guided surgery with superior in vivo optical properties.So far,very few NIR...Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-Ⅱ,1000-1700 nm)is a promising modality for real-time imaging of cancer and image-guided surgery with superior in vivo optical properties.So far,very few NIR-Ⅱfluorophores have been reported for in vivo biomedical imaging of chemically-induced spontaneous breast carcinoma.Herein,a NIR-Ⅱfluorescent probe CH1055-F3 with the nucleolin-targeted tumor-homing peptide F3 was demonstrated to prefe rentially accumulate in 4 T1 tumors.More importantly,CH1055-F3 exhibited specific NIR-Ⅱsignals with high spatial and temporal resolution,strong tumor uptake,and remarkable NIR-Ⅱimage-guided surgery in dimethylbenzanthracene(DMBA)-induced spontaneous breast tumor rats.This report presents the first tumor-homing peptide-based NIR-Ⅱprobe to diagnose transplantable and spontaneous breast tumors by the active targeting.展开更多
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone,particularly among children and adolescents.Advances in imaging,surgical techniques,and implants have dramatically reduced the need for amputation in the...Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone,particularly among children and adolescents.Advances in imaging,surgical techniques,and implants have dramatically reduced the need for amputation in the past three decades.Recently,in vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,1,000–1,700 nm)shows impressive advantages of deeper tissue penetration and higher spatial resolution,which makes it a promising tool for the early diagnosis and post-operative observation of Osteosarcoma.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the first time to develop a novel NIR-II fluorescence probe conjugated with an osteosarcoma targeted oligopeptide for molecular tumor imaging in a xenograft orthotopic osteosarcoma mouse model.展开更多
基金co-supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (Grant No. 2021B0301030007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0604302 and 2017YFA0604804)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41875137)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (Earth Lab)。
文摘Global gridded crop models(GGCMs) have been broadly applied to assess the impacts of climate and environmental change and adaptation on agricultural production. China is a major grain producing country, but thus far only a few studies have assessed the performance of GGCMs in China, and these studies mainly focused on the average and interannual variability of national and regional yields. Here, a systematic national-and provincial-scale evaluation of the simulations by13 GGCMs [12 from the GGCM Intercomparison(GGCMI) project, phase 1, and CLM5-crop] of the yields of four crops(wheat, maize, rice, and soybean) in China during 1980–2009 was carried out through comparison with crop yield statistics collected from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Results showed that GGCMI models generally underestimate the national yield of rice but overestimate it for the other three crops, while CLM5-crop can reproduce the national yields of wheat, maize, and rice well. Most GGCMs struggle to simulate the spatial patterns of crop yields. In terms of temporal variability, GGCMI models generally fail to capture the observed significant increases, but some can skillfully simulate the interannual variability. Conversely, CLM5-crop can represent the increases in wheat, maize, and rice, but works less well in simulating the interannual variability. At least one model can skillfully reproduce the temporal variability of yields in the top-10 producing provinces in China, albeit with a few exceptions. This study, for the first time, provides a complete picture of GGCM performance in China, which is important for GGCM development and understanding the reliability and uncertainty of national-and provincial-scale crop yield prediction in China.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0106500)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2022076)+1 种基金the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab2023-EL-ZD-00012)。
文摘The atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration has been increasing rapidly since the Industrial Revolution,which has led to unequivocal global warming and crucial environmental change.It is extremely important to investigate the interactions among atmospheric CO_(2),the physical climate system,and the carbon cycle of the underlying surface for a better understanding of the Earth system.Earth system models are widely used to investigate these interactions via coupled carbon-climate simulations.The Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2(CAS-ESM2.0)has successfully fixed a two-way coupling of atmospheric CO_(2)with the climate and carbon cycle on land and in the ocean.Using CAS-ESM2.0,we conducted a coupled carbon-climate simulation by following the CMIP6 proposal of a historical emissions-driven experiment.This paper examines the modeled CO_(2)by comparison with observed CO_(2)at the sites of Mauna Loa and Barrow,and the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite(GOSAT)CO_(2)product.The results showed that CAS-ESM2.0 agrees very well with observations in reproducing the increasing trend of annual CO_(2)during the period 1850-2014,and in capturing the seasonal cycle of CO_(2)at the two baseline sites,as well as over northern high latitudes.These agreements illustrate a good ability of CAS-ESM2.0 in simulating carbon-climate interactions,even though uncertainties remain in the processes involved.This paper reports an important stage of the development of CAS-ESM with the coupling of carbon and climate,which will provide significant scientific support for climate research and China’s goal of carbon neutrality.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2022YFE0106500]the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number 2022076]the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab)[grant number 2023-EL-ZD-00012].
基金supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41991282]the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number 2022076]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number XDA19030403]
基金supported by the National Major Research High Performance Computing Program of China(Grant No.2016YFB02008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 41705070)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Numbers 41475099 and 41305096)
文摘In the past several decades, dynamic global vegetation models(DGVMs) have been the most widely used and appropriate tool at the global scale to investigate vegetation-climate interactions. At the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, a new version of DGVM(IAP-DGVM) has been developed and coupled to the Common Land Model(CoLM) within the framework of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Earth System Model(CAS-ESM). This work reports the performance of IAP-DGVM through comparisons with that of the default DGVM of CoLM(CoLM-DGVM) and observations. With respect to CoLMDGVM, IAP-DGVM simulated fewer tropical trees, more "needleleaf evergreen boreal tree" and "broadleaf deciduous boreal shrub", and a better representation of grasses. These contributed to a more realistic vegetation distribution in IAP-DGVM,including spatial patterns, total areas, and compositions. Moreover, IAP-DGVM also produced more accurate carbon fluxes than CoLM-DGVM when compared with observational estimates. Gross primary productivity and net primary production in IAP-DGVM were in better agreement with observations than those of CoLM-DGVM, and the tropical pattern of fire carbon emissions in IAP-DGVM was much more consistent with the observation than that in CoLM-DGVM. The leaf area index simulated by IAP-DGVM was closer to the observation than that of CoLM-DGVM; however, both simulated values about twice as large as in the observation. This evaluation provides valuable information for the application of CAS-ESM, as well as for other model communities in terms of a comparative benchmark.
基金supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41305098)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program(Grant No.XDA05110103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41305096)
文摘Environmental changes are expected to shift the distribution and abundance of vegetation by determining seedling establishment and success. However, most current ecosystem models only focus on the impacts of abiotic factors on biogeophysics(e.g., global distribution, etc.), ignoring their roles in the population dynamics(e.g., seedling establishment rate, mortality rate, etc.) of ecological communities. Such neglect may lead to biases in ecosystem population dynamics(such as changes in population density for woody species in forest ecosystems) and characteristics. In the present study, a new establishment scheme for introducing soil water as a function rather than a threshold was developed and validated, using version 1.0 of the IAP-DGVM as a test bed. The results showed that soil water in the establishment scheme had a remarkable influence on forest transition zones. Compared with the original scheme, the new scheme significantly improved simulations of tree population density, especially in the peripheral areas of forests and transition zones. Consequently, biases in forest fractional coverage were reduced in approximately 78.8% of the global grid cells. The global simulated areas of tree, shrub, grass and bare soil performed better, where the relative biases were reduced from 34.3% to 4.8%, from 27.6% to 13.1%, from 55.2% to 9.2%, and from 37.6% to 3.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the new scheme had more reasonable dependencies of plant functional types(PFTs) on mean annual precipitation, and described the correct dominant PFTs in the tropical rainforest peripheral areas of the Amazon and central Africa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41705070)the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41991282)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility”(EarthLab).
文摘Terrestrial ecosystems are an important part of Earth systems,and they are undergoing remarkable changes in response to global warming.This study investigates the response of the terrestrial vegetation distribution and carbon fluxes to global warming by using the new dynamic global vegetation model in the second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Earth System Model(CAS-ESM2).We conducted two sets of simulations,a present-day simulation and a future simulation,which were forced by the present-day climate during 1981-2000 and the future climate during 2081-2100,respectively,as derived from RCP8.5 outputs in CMIP5.CO_(2)concentration is kept constant in all simulations to isolate CO_(2)-fertilization effects.The results show an overall increase in vegetation coverage in response to global warming,which is the net result of the greening in the mid-high latitudes and the browning in the tropics.The results also show an enhancement in carbon fluxes in response to global warming,including gross primary productivity,net primary productivity,and autotrophic respiration.We found that the changes in vegetation coverage were significantly correlated with changes in surface air temperature,reflecting the dominant role of temperature,while the changes in carbon fluxes were caused by the combined effects of leaf area index,temperature,and precipitation.This study applies the CAS-ESM2 to investigate the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate warming.Even though the interpretation of the results is limited by isolating CO_(2)-fertilization effects,this application is still beneficial for adding to our understanding of vegetation processes and to further improve upon model parameterizations.
基金partially supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0908800)NSFC(82273796)+6 种基金Special Funds for Guiding Local Science and Technology Development of Central Government(XZ202202YD0021C,China)Tibet Autonomous Region COVID-19 Prevention and Control Programs for Science and Technology Development(XZ202201ZY0046G,China)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515012649,China)Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grant(JCYJ20220530140605012,China)Translational Medicine and Interdisciplinary Research Joint Fund of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University(ZNJC202209,China)Project Funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M712091,China)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Biliary atresia is a rare infant disease that predisposes patients to liver transplantation and death if not treated in time.However,early diagnosis is challenging because the clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of biliary atresia overlap with other cholestatic diseases.Therefore,it is very important to develop a simple,safe and reliable method for the early diagnosis of biliary atresia.Herein,a novel NIR-Ⅱfluorescence probe,HZL2,with high quantum yield,excellent biocompatibility,low cytotoxicity and rapid excretion through the liver and gallbladder was developed based on the oil/water partition coefficient and permeability.A simple fecal sample after injection of HZL2 can be used to efficiently identify the success of the mouse model of biliary atresia for the first time,allowing for an early diagnosis of the disease.This study not only developed a simple and safe method for the early diagnosis of biliary atresia with great potential in clinical translation but also provides a research tool for the development of pathogenesis and therapeutic medicines for biliary atresia.
基金partially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81773674,21473041 and 81573383)Project First-Class Disciplines Development Supported by Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.CZYJC1903)+4 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Nos.2017CFA024,2016ACA126 and 2017CFB711)the Applied Basic Research Program of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(No.2019020701011429)Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grant(No.JCYJ20190808152019182)Tibet Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project Key Project(No.XZ201901-GB-11)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and Health Commission of Hubei Province Scientific Research Project(Nos.WJ2019M177 and WJ2019M178)。
文摘Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-Ⅱ,1000-1700 nm)is a promising modality for real-time imaging of cancer and image-guided surgery with superior in vivo optical properties.So far,very few NIR-Ⅱfluorophores have been reported for in vivo biomedical imaging of chemically-induced spontaneous breast carcinoma.Herein,a NIR-Ⅱfluorescent probe CH1055-F3 with the nucleolin-targeted tumor-homing peptide F3 was demonstrated to prefe rentially accumulate in 4 T1 tumors.More importantly,CH1055-F3 exhibited specific NIR-Ⅱsignals with high spatial and temporal resolution,strong tumor uptake,and remarkable NIR-Ⅱimage-guided surgery in dimethylbenzanthracene(DMBA)-induced spontaneous breast tumor rats.This report presents the first tumor-homing peptide-based NIR-Ⅱprobe to diagnose transplantable and spontaneous breast tumors by the active targeting.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81773674,21473041,81573383)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2017CFB711,2017CFA024,2016ACA126)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Tibet Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project Key Project(XZ201901-GB-11)the Applied Basic Research Program of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(2019020701011429)Project First-Class Disciplines Development Supported by Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(CZYJC1903)Health Commission of Hubei Province Scientific Research Project(WJ2019M178,WJ2019M177)。
文摘Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone,particularly among children and adolescents.Advances in imaging,surgical techniques,and implants have dramatically reduced the need for amputation in the past three decades.Recently,in vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,1,000–1,700 nm)shows impressive advantages of deeper tissue penetration and higher spatial resolution,which makes it a promising tool for the early diagnosis and post-operative observation of Osteosarcoma.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the first time to develop a novel NIR-II fluorescence probe conjugated with an osteosarcoma targeted oligopeptide for molecular tumor imaging in a xenograft orthotopic osteosarcoma mouse model.
