Malnutrition associated factors on children under 5 years old in Lhaviyani Atoll,Maldives

In this report,we aimed to analyze the prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among children under 5 years of age in Lhaviyani Atoll,Maldives.A total of 800 children(under 5 years old) and their mothers were selected for this study.Data was collected by using a pretested questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were taken from the hospital record book.Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to find the association between nutritional status and determinants.The distribution of height for age and weight for age in surveyed children in Maldives was skewed to the left compared with the WHO standard.The prevalence of undernutrition based on underweight(10.75%),stunting(13.5%),and wasting(9.60%) was estimated to be 23.85% among children.Child age,gender and mother’s education were significantly associated with undernutrition(P<0.05).Our survey highlighted that better nutritional interventions are needed to improve child health in this region.

Variation of spatio-temporal distribution of on-road vehicle emissions based on real-time RFID data

High-resolution vehicular emissions inventories are important for managing vehicular pollution and improving urban air quality. This study developed a vehicular emission inventory with high spatio-temporal resolution in the main urban area of Chongqing, based on realtime traffic data from 820 RFID detectors covering 454 roads, and the differences in spatiotemporal emission characteristics between inner and outer districts were analysed. The result showed that the daily vehicular emission intensities of CO, hydrocarbons, PM2.5, PM10,and NO_(x) were 30.24, 3.83, 0.18, 0.20, and 8.65 kg/km per day, respectively, in the study area during 2018. The pollutants emission intensities in inner district were higher than those in outer district. Light passenger cars(LPCs) were the main contributors of all-day CO emissions in the inner and outer districts, from which the contributors of NO_(x) emissions were different. Diesel and natural gas buses were major contributors of daytime NO_(x) emissions in inner districts, accounting for 40.40%, but buses and heavy duty trucks(HDTs) were major contributors in outer districts. At nighttime, due to the lifting of truck restrictions and suspension of buses, HDTs become the main NO_(x) contributor in both inner and outer districts,and its three NO_(x) emission peak hours were found, which are different to the peak hours of total NO_(x) emission by all vehicles. Unlike most other cities, bridges and connecting channels are always emission hotspots due to long-time traffic congestion. This knowledge will help fully understand vehicular emissions characteristics and is useful for policymakers to design precise prevention and control measures.