Capsid destabilization and epitope alterations of human papillomavirus 18 in the presence of thimerosal

Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative in drug and vaccine products for decades.Due to the strong propensity to modify thiols in proteins,conformational changes could occur due to covalent bond formation between ethylmercury(a degradant of thimerosal)and thiols.Such a conformational change could lead to partial or even complete loss of desirable protein function.This study aims to investigate the effects of thimerosal on the capsid stability and antigenicity of recombinant human papillomavirus(HPV)18 virus-like particles(VLPs).Dramatic destabilization of the recombinant viral capsid upon thimerosal treatment was observed.Such a negative effect on the thermal stability of VLPs preserved with thimerosal was shown to be dependent on the thimerosal concentration.Two highly neutralizing antibodies,13H12 and 3C3,were found to be the most sensitive to thimerosal treatment.The kinetics of antigenicity loss,when monitored with 13H12 or 3C3 as probes,yielded two distinctly different sets of kinetic parameters,while the data from both monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)followed a biphasic exponential decay model.The potential effect of thimerosal on protein function,particularly for thiolcontaining proteinaceous active components,needs to be comprehensively characterized during formulation development when a preservative is necessary.

Uncertainty relations in the product form

We study the uncertainty relation in the product form of variances and obtain some new uncertainty relations with weight, which are shown to be tighter than those derived from the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.

Quantum legitimacy of reversible gate and a new design of multiplier based on R gate

Quantum full adders play a key role in the design of quantum computers.The efficiency of a quantum adder directly determines the speed of the quantum computer,and its complexity is closely related to the difficulty and the cost of building a quantum computer.The existed full adder based on R gate is a great design but it is not suitable to construct a quantum multiplier.We show the quantum legitimacy of some common reversible gates,then use R gate to propose a new design of a quantum full adder.We utilize the new designed quantum full adder to optimize the quantum multiplier which is based on R gate.It is shown that the new designed one can be optimized by a local optimization rule so that it will have lower quantum cost than before.

Uncertainty relations based on Wigner-Yanase skew information

In this paper,we use certain norm inequalities to obtain new uncertain relations based on the Wigner-Yanase skew information.First for an arbitrary finite number of observables we derive an uncertainty relation outperforming previous lower bounds.We then propose new weighted uncertainty relations for two noncompatible observables.Two separable criteria via skew information are also obtained.