Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to cognitive decline by causing white matter injury.Microglia phagocytosing myelin debris in a timely manner can promote remyelin...Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to cognitive decline by causing white matter injury.Microglia phagocytosing myelin debris in a timely manner can promote remyelination and contribute to the repair of white matter.However,milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor 8(MFG-E8),a microglial phagocytosis-related protein,has not been well studied in hypoperfusion-related cognitive dysfunction.We found that the expression of MFG-E8 was significantly decreased in the brain of mice after bilateral carotid artery stenosis(BCAS).MFG-E8 knockout mice demonstrated more severe BCAS-induced cognitive impairments in the behavioral tests.In addition,we discovered that the deletion of MFG-E8 aggravated white matter damage and the destruction of myelin microstructure through fluorescent staining and electron microscopy.Meanwhile,MFG-E8 overexpression by AAV improved white matter injury and increased the number of mature oligodendrocytes after BCAS.Moreover,in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that MFG-E8 could enhance the phagocytic function of microglia via theαVβ3/αVβ5/Rac1 pathway and IGF-1 production to promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into mature oligodendrocytes.Interestingly,we found that MFG-E8 was mainly derived from astrocytes,not microglia.Our findings suggest that MFG-E8 is a potential therapeutic target for cognitive impairments following cerebral hypoperfusion.展开更多
The IPO process is a way for companies to improve their corporate governance and for investors to assess company quality.This paper posits that investor choices vary with differences in investment ability and experien...The IPO process is a way for companies to improve their corporate governance and for investors to assess company quality.This paper posits that investor choices vary with differences in investment ability and experience.Three groups of investors with large holdings,namely individual investors,bluechip institutional investors and underperforming institutional investors,are compared by their use of three types of corporate governance information:board characteristics,equity structure and affiliated relationships.Overall,institutional investors make greater use of corporate governance information than individual investors,with blue-chip institutional investors making the greatest use.Further,bull-bear markets exert a significant influence on the behavior of both individual and underperforming institutional investors.These results enrich the IPO literature and contribute to optimal social fund allocation in the stock market.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81801147 and 81971112).
文摘Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to cognitive decline by causing white matter injury.Microglia phagocytosing myelin debris in a timely manner can promote remyelination and contribute to the repair of white matter.However,milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor 8(MFG-E8),a microglial phagocytosis-related protein,has not been well studied in hypoperfusion-related cognitive dysfunction.We found that the expression of MFG-E8 was significantly decreased in the brain of mice after bilateral carotid artery stenosis(BCAS).MFG-E8 knockout mice demonstrated more severe BCAS-induced cognitive impairments in the behavioral tests.In addition,we discovered that the deletion of MFG-E8 aggravated white matter damage and the destruction of myelin microstructure through fluorescent staining and electron microscopy.Meanwhile,MFG-E8 overexpression by AAV improved white matter injury and increased the number of mature oligodendrocytes after BCAS.Moreover,in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that MFG-E8 could enhance the phagocytic function of microglia via theαVβ3/αVβ5/Rac1 pathway and IGF-1 production to promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into mature oligodendrocytes.Interestingly,we found that MFG-E8 was mainly derived from astrocytes,not microglia.Our findings suggest that MFG-E8 is a potential therapeutic target for cognitive impairments following cerebral hypoperfusion.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.71272152 and 71172180)
文摘The IPO process is a way for companies to improve their corporate governance and for investors to assess company quality.This paper posits that investor choices vary with differences in investment ability and experience.Three groups of investors with large holdings,namely individual investors,bluechip institutional investors and underperforming institutional investors,are compared by their use of three types of corporate governance information:board characteristics,equity structure and affiliated relationships.Overall,institutional investors make greater use of corporate governance information than individual investors,with blue-chip institutional investors making the greatest use.Further,bull-bear markets exert a significant influence on the behavior of both individual and underperforming institutional investors.These results enrich the IPO literature and contribute to optimal social fund allocation in the stock market.
