Effects of the <i>Camellia oleifera </i>Shell Substrate on the Yield and Nutritional Composition of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Pleurotus geesteranus was cultivated on the substrates blended with different ratios of treated and untreated Camellia oleifera shells using cottonseed hull as the control substrate. The mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition, ash and heavy metals of the Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on these substrates were compared. The results suggest that the Camellia oleifera shell in substrate can accelerate the mycelial growth and increase the yield, nutrients and the contents of protein, ash, crude fiber and amino acid of Pleurotus geesteranus. It was found that the contents of tannin and saponin in Camellia oleifera shell affected the mycelial growth rate. The optimal C/N of the substrate for the growth of Pleurotus geesteranus was determined to be 27 ± 0.7. The C/N ratios higher than 30 reduced the protein, fat and soluble sugar contents of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus. The contents of heavy metals including Hg, As, Cd and Pb were found in Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on the substrates containing Camellia oleifera shell complex.

Effect of <i>Carya cathayensis Sarg</i>Shell Substrate on Yield and Nutrient Amount of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Using cottonseed hull as the control substrate, different proportions of the untreated and treated Carya cathayensis Sarg shells were added to cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on these substrates were determined. The results suggest that added to treated Carya cathayensis Sarg shell promoted the mycelial growth and increased the yield, biological efficiency and the contents of crude fiber, ash, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. In addition, the fat content and soluble sugar contents of Pleurotus geesteranus were decreased with the increase of the Carya cathayensis Sarg shell content in substrate, but their contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were higher than that obtained on control substrate.

Hardy Spaces H_L^p(R^n) Associated with Higher-Order Schrdinger Type Operators

Let L = L0 ＋ V be the higher order Schrodiger type operator where L0 is a homogeneous elliptic operator of order 2m in divergence form with bounded coeffi- cients and V is a real measurable function as multiplication operator （e.g., including （-△）m＋v （m∈N） as special examples）. In this paper, assume that V satisfies a strongly subcritical form condition associated with L0, the authors attempt to establish a the- HL （R） （0 〈 p ≤ 1） associated with the higher order Schrodinger ory of Hardy space P n type operator L. Specifically, we first define the molecular Hardy space Hp （JRn） by the so-called （p, q,ε, M） molecule associated to L and then establish its characterizations by the area integral defined by the heat semigroup e-tL.

Nutrients Determination in Nuts from Different Torreya grandis Cultivars

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the differences in nutritional properties of nuts from different Torreya grandis cultivars.[Methods]Seven T.grandis cultivars were selected to analyze the protein,soluble carbohydrate,vitamin E,amino acids and fatty acid composition,and evaluate nutritional value of T.grandis nuts from different cultivars using gray correlation analysis.[Results]The kernels of T.grandis contained 9.47%-13.3% protein,1.92%-2.36% soluble carbohydrate,0.16-0.22 mg/g vitamin E,8.40%-11.55% amino acids,and 42.09%-49.29% fatty acid including 35.14%-40.14% oleic acid.And the coefficient of variation ranged from 5.02% to 18.9% among different cultivars.Meanwhile,the average contents of essential amino acids(E),nonessential amino acids(N)and children essential amino acids(C)were 3.88%,6.07% and 0.99%,respectively.The ratios of E/T and E/N were quite stable and in fully compliance with the recommendation standards of amino acids composition from WHO/FAO.[Conclusions]Overall,the nutritional value of tested seven cultivars could be ranked in the following decreasing order using gray correlation analysis:T.grandis cv.Dong No.2>T.grandis cv.Longfeng>T.grandis cv.Dingshan>T.grandis cv.Merrilli>T.grandis cv.Dong No.3>T.grandis cv.Dong No.1>T.grandis cv.Zhuyan.

Effects of the <i>Castanea mollissima Blume</i>Shell Cultivation Substrate on the Yield and Nutritional Composition of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Cottonseed hull substrates blended with different ratios of Castanea mollissima Blume shell were prepared and used for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The effects of the chestnut shell content on the mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus were investigated. The results suggest that the Castanea mollissima Blume shell in substrate can increase the mycelial growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and the contents of protein, crude fiber, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. Further investigation suggests that the tannin and saponin in Castanea mollissima Blume shell and the C/N ratio of substrate significantly influence the mycelial growth rate. The crude fat content of Pleurotus geesteranus decreased, while the contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) increased with the increase of the Castanea mollissima Blume shell content in substrate. Based on these results, the content of Castanea mollissima Blume shell was optimized to be less than 30% for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus.

Present Situation and Prospective of Camellia Nut Shells Utilization

With the rapid development of Camellia oleifera industry, more and more Camellia nut shells have been produced, leading to serious environmental pollution problem. This paper reviews the works on the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of Camellia nut shells, active ingredient extraction, its application in chemical production, growing media and animal feed and its properties as a biomass. Based on the review, we proposed a novel all-component high value application strategy to covert camellia nut shells into high value biomasses, which could realize waste recycling and environmental protection.

Infrared-Spectral Characteristics of <i>Camellia oleifera</i>Shell/Meal during Composting

The compost products of Camellia oleifera shell/meal mixed at different mass ratios were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at different composting stages to monitor the structural changes of their components. The results showed that the amount of Camellia oleifera meal significantly affected the composting rate of the shell, but did not change the degradation order and decomposition of the related compounds. During the composting process, microorganisms used the highly decomposable carbon source materials, such as proteins and sugars, first to grow and multiply, and then decomposed hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin by oxidative cleavage after these nutrients were consumed to a certain extent. The decomposition products were then condensed into more stable humic acids. The degradation rates of the compounds were directly proportional to the amount of Camellia oleifera?meal. The compounds in Camellia oleifera shell were composted faster with higher amounts of Camellia oleifera meals, resulting in less lignocellulose in the final products.

FTIR and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Three Kinds of Nutshells

The main components and pyrolysis characteristics of Camellia oleifera Abel hells, Castanea mollissima Blume shells, and Castanea mollissima Blume shells were analyzed by using FTIR and thermogravimetric methods. The experimental results indicated that the main components of the three kinds of raw materials consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The highest contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were in Camellia oleiferaAbel shells (49.34% ± 0.07%), Castanea mollissima Blume shells (27.34% ± 0.01%), and Carya cathayensis Sarg shells (49.78% ± 0.01%), respectively. The pyrolysis processes of three kinds of shells generally included three stages, namely dehydration, pyrolysis, and carbonization. The peak values and the appearance times of their pyrolysis rates were closely related to their compositions.

Tissue-specific transcriptomics reveals a central role of CcNST1 in regulating the fruit lignification pattern in Camellia chekiangoleosa,a woody oil-crop

Fruit lignification is of significant economic importance because it affects the quality of fruit and the production of seed oil.The specified lignification pattern in Camellia chekiangoleosa fruits plays critical roles in its seed oil yield,but little is known about how this lignification process is regulated.Here,we report on a comprehensive tissue-specific transcriptomics analysis conducted for C.chekiangoleosa fruit.By mining the differentially expressed genes,we found that lignin biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation pathways were significantly enriched in the lignified tissues.The homolog of NST-like transcription factor,CcNST1,was highly expressed in lignified seed coat and endocarp tissues;transgenic analyses of CcNST1 in Arabidopsis and hybrid poplar revealed the enhanced lignification levels of various tissues.Gene expression analysis of the transgenic lines uncovered potential downstream genes involved in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis.This work provides a valuable gene expression resource and identified the pivotal role of CcNST1 in regulating the lignin biosynthesis underlying fruit lignification.

Design and experiment of the comb-brush harvesting machine with variable spacing for oil-tea camellia fruit

Oil-tea camellia tree is an important oil plant in China that has long flexible branches.The most challenging feature for the mechanized harvest of oil-tea fruits is that its flower and fruit grow synchronously.In order to improve the harvesting efficiency and avoid damaging the flower bud,a hand-held fruit harvesting machine with a variable spacing comb brush was proposed.The harvesting machine can generate three kinds of actuation to detach fruit when it runs.The main actuation results from the brushing of multiple comb fingers.The other two kinds of actuation result from the beating of comb fingers on the fruits and the branches.The finger spacing of the comb brush can be adjusted consequently through moving the spacing adjusting crossbar.Hence,when the finger spacing is smaller than the diameter of the oil-tea fruit,the fruit is brushed off,but the flower bud and leaf pass through the finger gap.When the finger spacing is bigger than the fruit diameter,the fruit stuck between the fingers is loosened to ensure the continuous operation of the machine.Nylon was used as the material of the brush finger to avoid damage,which can also reduce the overall weight.The dynamic simulation of the harvesting machine was carried out with ADAMS,and the acceleration of the front end of the comb finger and the variation of the finger spacing were analyzed.The prototype of the harvesting machine was built and tested in the field.Field experiment results showed that when the speed of the comb finger drive shaft was 480 r/min,the average harvesting percentage of oil-tea fruit was 80%,and the flower bud was seldom detached,which met the working requirements of oil-tea fruit harvesting.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the cell landscape of a radiation-induced liver injury mouse model

The mechanisms of radiation-induced liver injury(RILI)has not been fully elucidated so far.In the present study,a RILI mouse model was constructed by exposing the liver to a single dose of 30 Gy X-rays.Liver injuries consisting of liver function damage and histopathological variations were confirmed after 2 weeks.And then the cellular atlas of RILI liver was generated by profiling 9,641 cells isolated from X-ray irradiated mice livers and control ones from RILI mice model using single-cellRNAsequencing(scRNA-seq).Seven cell types were identified,including B cells,natural killer cells,T cells,macrophages/Küpffer cells/Dendritic cells(DC),neutrophils,endothelial cells,and hepatocyte.Although there was no significant difference of overall cell typing was observed between the Control and RILI groups,hepatocytes and macro/Küpffer/DC cell types were chosen for further functional exploration.Gene expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis of hepatocytes revealed that multiple metabolic related pathways were enriched in livers exposed to IR.These scRNA-seq data were confirmed in RILI liver samples via adipose staining.Besides,obviously varied M1-/M2-macrophages polarization was observed in RILI liver,which was in accordance with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)results of IR-induced M2 to pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages transformation in mouse macrophage cell line Raw264.7.In addition,we predicted that several genes were found to differentially expressed during the process of macrophage polarization from M2 to M1 subtype.Overall,our study provides a cellular landscape of RILI at single-cell resolution that indicates the characteristics of hepatocytes and macrophages,which will contribute to investigate the novel therapeutic or preventive management for RILI.