The inefficiency of water splitting is mainly due to the sluggish anodic water oxidation reaction. Replacing water oxidation with thermodynamically more favorable selective methanol oxidation reaction and developing r...The inefficiency of water splitting is mainly due to the sluggish anodic water oxidation reaction. Replacing water oxidation with thermodynamically more favorable selective methanol oxidation reaction and developing robust bifunctional electrocatalysts are of great significance. Herein, a hierarchical heteronanostructure with Ni–Co layered double hydroxide(LDH) ultrathin nanosheets coated on cobalt phosphide nanosheets arrays(CoxP@NiCo-LDH) are fabricated and used for co-electrolysis of methanol/water to co-produce value-added formate and hydrogen with saving energy. Benefiting from the fast charge transfer introduced by phosphide nanoarrays, the synergy in nanosheets catalysts with hetero-interface,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/Ni foam(NF) exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance(10 mA cm-2@ 1.24 V and-0.10 V for methanol selective oxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively). Furthermore,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/NF-based symmetric two-electrode electrolyzer drives a current density of 10 m A cm-2 with a low cell voltage of only 1.43 V and the Faradaic efficiency towards the generation of formate and H2 are close to 100% in the tested range of current density(from 40 to 200 m A cm-2). This work highlights the positive effect of hetero-interaction in the design of more efficient eletrocatalysts and might guide the way towards facile upgrading of alcohols and energy-saving electrolytic H2 co-generation.展开更多
After hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammatory injuries to the central nervous system, the damaged cells release a large amount of adenosine triphosphate, which may cause secondary neuronal death. Autophagy is a form of cel...After hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammatory injuries to the central nervous system, the damaged cells release a large amount of adenosine triphosphate, which may cause secondary neuronal death. Autophagy is a form of cell death that also has neuroprotective effects. Cell Counting Kit assay, monodansylcadaverine staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to determine the effects of exogenous adenosine triphosphate treatment at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mmol/L) over time (1, 2, 3, and 6 hours) on the apoptosis and autophagy of SH-SY5Y cells. High concentrations of extracellular adenosine triphosphate induced autophagy and apoptosis of SH-SYSY cells. The enhanced autophagy first appeared, and peaked at 1 hour after treatment with adenosine triphosphate. Cell apoptosis peaked at 3 hours, and persisted through 6 hours. With prolonged exposure to the adenosine triphosphate treatment, the fraction of apoptotic cells increased. These data suggest that the SH-SY5Y neural cells initiated autophagy against apoptosis within an hour of adenosine triphosphate treatment to protect themselves against injury.展开更多
Ammonia volatilization(AV) from basal fertilizer with different nitrogen(N) types and application methods was investigated by the ventilation method in germination and early seedling stages during radish growth season...Ammonia volatilization(AV) from basal fertilizer with different nitrogen(N) types and application methods was investigated by the ventilation method in germination and early seedling stages during radish growth seasons in 2014. Four N fertilizer types, urea(U), ammonium bicarbonate(AB), ammonia sulfate(AS), and controlled urea formaldehyde(CUF) were applied through 5 cm depth placement(I) and 10 cm depth placement(II). The results showed that the N fertilizer type was the main factor that caused AV loss in germination and early seedling stages from the radish field. The highest and the lowest cumulative AV losses in germination and early seedling stages from the radish fields were 33.23 and 11.21 N kg/hm^2 for the treatments of AB+I and CUF+II, respectively, accounting for 60.40 and 26.40% of the N application for each treatment. The 10 cm deep placement of N reduced AV rates and lagged the AV process, and CUF significantly reduced ammonia volatilization. The data showed that the suitable N fertilizer type and application method for basal fertilizer were CUF and deep placement, respectively.Therefore, fertilizing with proper N fertilizer types and methods should be the efficient measures to mitigate AV losses from the radish field and will alleviate environment problems.展开更多
The aim of this study was to establish a scientific evaluation system for fruit radish quality. 8 quality indicators were measured for23 varieties,such as Meinong,Qiaotouqing and Chunbulao. The indicators included roo...The aim of this study was to establish a scientific evaluation system for fruit radish quality. 8 quality indicators were measured for23 varieties,such as Meinong,Qiaotouqing and Chunbulao. The indicators included root weight,root shape index,water content,crispness,soluble solids,crude fiber,isothiocyanate and vitamin C. These data were analyzed by variation correlation analysis,principal component analysis and system cluster analysis. 23 varieties of fruit radish were analyzed by variation correlation; 8 indicators were compressed into 6 integrated variables using principal component analysis. Finally,the main evaluation indicators of fruit radish were determined by using cluster analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicated that the range of variation coefficient was from 1. 64%-89. 99%. Water content,crispness,soluble solids,crude fiber,isothiocyanate were the important components of fruit radish quality,playing a major role in the quality. These 8indicators were closely related and relatively independent. Water content was significantly and positively correlated with crispness; soluble solids and crude fiber were significantly and negatively related to vitamin C; crispness was significantly and positively correlated with crude fiber and vitamin C. Based on the above results,4 representative indicators were used for evaluating fruit radish quality,that is water content,crispness,soluble solids,crude fiber,which could reflect the most information of fruit radish quality.展开更多
Tibeto-Burman(TB)people have endeavored to adapt to the hypoxic,cold,and high-UV high-altitude environments in the Tibetan Plateau and complex disease exposures in lowland rainforests since the late Paleolithic period...Tibeto-Burman(TB)people have endeavored to adapt to the hypoxic,cold,and high-UV high-altitude environments in the Tibetan Plateau and complex disease exposures in lowland rainforests since the late Paleolithic period.However,the full landscape of genetic history and biological adaptation of geographically diverse TB-speaking people,as well as their interaction mechanism,remain unknown.Here,we generate a whole-genome meta-database of 500 individuals from 39 TB-speaking populations and present a comprehensive landscape of genetic diversity,admixture history,and differentiated adaptative features of geographically different TB-speaking people.We identify genetic differentiation related to geography and language among TB-speaking people,consistent with their differentiated admixture process with incoming or indigenous ancestral source populations.A robust genetic connection between the Tibetan-Yi corridor and the ancient Yellow River people supports their Northern China origin hypothesis.We finally report substructure-related differentiated biological adaptative signatures between highland Tibetans and Loloish speakers.Adaptative signatures associated with the physical pigmentation(EDAR and SLC24A5)and metabolism(ALDH9A1)are identified in Loloish people,which differed from the high-altitude adaptative genetic architecture in Tibetan.TB-related genomic resources provide new insights into the genetic basis of biological adaptation and better reference for the anthropologically informed sampling design in biomedical and genomic cohort research.展开更多
Monolithic catalysts play a crucial role in various catalytic applications,e.g.,chemical synthesis,energy conversion,and environmental treatment,but their catalytic efficiency is often limited by the restricted mass t...Monolithic catalysts play a crucial role in various catalytic applications,e.g.,chemical synthesis,energy conversion,and environmental treatment,but their catalytic efficiency is often limited by the restricted mass transfer and insufficient exposure of active sites.Herein,we present a dual-templating strategy to fabricate atomic Pt dispersed on monolithic N-doped mesoporous carbon nanowires(Pt_(1)/NMCW)with abundant super-/macropores,which,as monolithic catalyst,exhibits high catalytic performance in hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP).During synthesis,triblock copolymer(Pluronic F127)is employed as a primary soft template to generate the mesoporous structured carbon nanowires to improve the accessibility of Pt single sites;KCl crystallite is used as a secondary hard template to create the super-/macropores,which are beneficial for enhancing the mass transfer efficiency.Thanks to the dual-templating strategy that creates the monolithic carbon nanowires with hierarchically porous structure,the obtained Pt_(1)/NMCW shows highly enhanced catalytic activity in 4-NP hydrogenation,outperforming its analogue synthesized without using KCl as template and being comparable to the nano-powder catalyst(i.e.,atomic Pt loaded on the Ndoped carbon nanospheres,Pt_(1)/NCS).展开更多
COVID-19 is identified as a zoonotic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2,which also can cross・transmit to many animals but not mice.Genetic modifications of SARS-CoV-2 or mice enable the mice susceptible to viral infection.A...COVID-19 is identified as a zoonotic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2,which also can cross・transmit to many animals but not mice.Genetic modifications of SARS-CoV-2 or mice enable the mice susceptible to viral infection.Although neither is the natural situation,they are currently utilized to establish mouse infection models.Here we report a direct contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 in wild-type mice.The SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)re plicated efficiently and induced significant pathological changes in lungs and tracheas,accompanied by elevated proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs and sera.Mechanistically,the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)spike protein turned to a high binding affinity to mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(mACE2),allowing the mice highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)infection.Our work suggests that SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)expands the host range and therefore increases its transmission route without adapted mutation.As the wild house mice live with human populations quite closely,this possible transmission route could be potentially risky.In addition,because SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)is one of the major epidemic strains and the mACE2 in laboratory-used mice is naturally expressed and regulated,the SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)/mice could be a much convenient animal model system to study COVID-19 pathogenesis and evaluate antiviral inhibitors and vaccines.展开更多
The rational design of Fe–N–C catalysts that possess easily accessible active sites and favorable mass transfer,which are usually determined by the structure of catalyst supports,is crucial for the oxygen reduction ...The rational design of Fe–N–C catalysts that possess easily accessible active sites and favorable mass transfer,which are usually determined by the structure of catalyst supports,is crucial for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).In this study,an oleic acid-assisted soft-templating approach is developed to synthesize size-controlled nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles(ranging from 130 nm to 60 nm and 35 nm,respectively)that feature spiral mesopores on their surface(SMCs).Next,atomically dispersed Fe–Nx sites are fabricated on the size-tunable SMCs(Fe1/SMC-x,where x represents the SMC size)and the size-dependent activity toward ORR is investigated.It is found that the catalytic performance of Fe1/SMCs is significantly influenced by the size of SMCs,where the Fe1/SMC-60 catalyst shows the highest ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.90 V vs.RHE in KOH electrolyte,indicating that the gas-liquid-solid three-phase interface on the Fe1/SMC-60 enhances the accessibility of Fe–Nx sites.In addition,when using Fe1/SMC-60 as the cathode catalyst in aqueous zinc-air batteries(ZABs),it delivers a higher open-circuit voltage(1.514 V),a greater power density(223 mW cm^(−2)),and a larger specific capacity/energy than Pt/C-based counterparts.These results further highlight the potential of Fe1/SMC60 for practical energy devices associated with ORR and the importance of size-controlled synthesis of SMCs.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975163 and 21905181)。
文摘The inefficiency of water splitting is mainly due to the sluggish anodic water oxidation reaction. Replacing water oxidation with thermodynamically more favorable selective methanol oxidation reaction and developing robust bifunctional electrocatalysts are of great significance. Herein, a hierarchical heteronanostructure with Ni–Co layered double hydroxide(LDH) ultrathin nanosheets coated on cobalt phosphide nanosheets arrays(CoxP@NiCo-LDH) are fabricated and used for co-electrolysis of methanol/water to co-produce value-added formate and hydrogen with saving energy. Benefiting from the fast charge transfer introduced by phosphide nanoarrays, the synergy in nanosheets catalysts with hetero-interface,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/Ni foam(NF) exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance(10 mA cm-2@ 1.24 V and-0.10 V for methanol selective oxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively). Furthermore,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/NF-based symmetric two-electrode electrolyzer drives a current density of 10 m A cm-2 with a low cell voltage of only 1.43 V and the Faradaic efficiency towards the generation of formate and H2 are close to 100% in the tested range of current density(from 40 to 200 m A cm-2). This work highlights the positive effect of hetero-interaction in the design of more efficient eletrocatalysts and might guide the way towards facile upgrading of alcohols and energy-saving electrolytic H2 co-generation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81371346,81271376
文摘After hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammatory injuries to the central nervous system, the damaged cells release a large amount of adenosine triphosphate, which may cause secondary neuronal death. Autophagy is a form of cell death that also has neuroprotective effects. Cell Counting Kit assay, monodansylcadaverine staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to determine the effects of exogenous adenosine triphosphate treatment at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mmol/L) over time (1, 2, 3, and 6 hours) on the apoptosis and autophagy of SH-SY5Y cells. High concentrations of extracellular adenosine triphosphate induced autophagy and apoptosis of SH-SYSY cells. The enhanced autophagy first appeared, and peaked at 1 hour after treatment with adenosine triphosphate. Cell apoptosis peaked at 3 hours, and persisted through 6 hours. With prolonged exposure to the adenosine triphosphate treatment, the fraction of apoptotic cells increased. These data suggest that the SH-SY5Y neural cells initiated autophagy against apoptosis within an hour of adenosine triphosphate treatment to protect themselves against injury.
基金partially provided by Hubei Natural Science Foundation“Research on the Mechanism of Soil Ammonia Volatilization for Seed Germination and Early Growth of Radish and Mitigation Strategies”Hubei Foundation of Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System and Bulk Vegetable Agricultural Technology System in China
文摘Ammonia volatilization(AV) from basal fertilizer with different nitrogen(N) types and application methods was investigated by the ventilation method in germination and early seedling stages during radish growth seasons in 2014. Four N fertilizer types, urea(U), ammonium bicarbonate(AB), ammonia sulfate(AS), and controlled urea formaldehyde(CUF) were applied through 5 cm depth placement(I) and 10 cm depth placement(II). The results showed that the N fertilizer type was the main factor that caused AV loss in germination and early seedling stages from the radish field. The highest and the lowest cumulative AV losses in germination and early seedling stages from the radish fields were 33.23 and 11.21 N kg/hm^2 for the treatments of AB+I and CUF+II, respectively, accounting for 60.40 and 26.40% of the N application for each treatment. The 10 cm deep placement of N reduced AV rates and lagged the AV process, and CUF significantly reduced ammonia volatilization. The data showed that the suitable N fertilizer type and application method for basal fertilizer were CUF and deep placement, respectively.Therefore, fertilizing with proper N fertilizer types and methods should be the efficient measures to mitigate AV losses from the radish field and will alleviate environment problems.
基金Supported by the Second Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project in Hubei Province
文摘The aim of this study was to establish a scientific evaluation system for fruit radish quality. 8 quality indicators were measured for23 varieties,such as Meinong,Qiaotouqing and Chunbulao. The indicators included root weight,root shape index,water content,crispness,soluble solids,crude fiber,isothiocyanate and vitamin C. These data were analyzed by variation correlation analysis,principal component analysis and system cluster analysis. 23 varieties of fruit radish were analyzed by variation correlation; 8 indicators were compressed into 6 integrated variables using principal component analysis. Finally,the main evaluation indicators of fruit radish were determined by using cluster analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicated that the range of variation coefficient was from 1. 64%-89. 99%. Water content,crispness,soluble solids,crude fiber,isothiocyanate were the important components of fruit radish quality,playing a major role in the quality. These 8indicators were closely related and relatively independent. Water content was significantly and positively correlated with crispness; soluble solids and crude fiber were significantly and negatively related to vitamin C; crispness was significantly and positively correlated with crude fiber and vitamin C. Based on the above results,4 representative indicators were used for evaluating fruit radish quality,that is water content,crispness,soluble solids,crude fiber,which could reflect the most information of fruit radish quality.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202078)the Center for Archaeological Science of Sichuan University(23SASA01).
文摘Tibeto-Burman(TB)people have endeavored to adapt to the hypoxic,cold,and high-UV high-altitude environments in the Tibetan Plateau and complex disease exposures in lowland rainforests since the late Paleolithic period.However,the full landscape of genetic history and biological adaptation of geographically diverse TB-speaking people,as well as their interaction mechanism,remain unknown.Here,we generate a whole-genome meta-database of 500 individuals from 39 TB-speaking populations and present a comprehensive landscape of genetic diversity,admixture history,and differentiated adaptative features of geographically different TB-speaking people.We identify genetic differentiation related to geography and language among TB-speaking people,consistent with their differentiated admixture process with incoming or indigenous ancestral source populations.A robust genetic connection between the Tibetan-Yi corridor and the ancient Yellow River people supports their Northern China origin hypothesis.We finally report substructure-related differentiated biological adaptative signatures between highland Tibetans and Loloish speakers.Adaptative signatures associated with the physical pigmentation(EDAR and SLC24A5)and metabolism(ALDH9A1)are identified in Loloish people,which differed from the high-altitude adaptative genetic architecture in Tibetan.TB-related genomic resources provide new insights into the genetic basis of biological adaptation and better reference for the anthropologically informed sampling design in biomedical and genomic cohort research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21872159)SEI(No.SEI I202134)QIBEBT(No.QIBEBT ZZBS201802).
文摘Monolithic catalysts play a crucial role in various catalytic applications,e.g.,chemical synthesis,energy conversion,and environmental treatment,but their catalytic efficiency is often limited by the restricted mass transfer and insufficient exposure of active sites.Herein,we present a dual-templating strategy to fabricate atomic Pt dispersed on monolithic N-doped mesoporous carbon nanowires(Pt_(1)/NMCW)with abundant super-/macropores,which,as monolithic catalyst,exhibits high catalytic performance in hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP).During synthesis,triblock copolymer(Pluronic F127)is employed as a primary soft template to generate the mesoporous structured carbon nanowires to improve the accessibility of Pt single sites;KCl crystallite is used as a secondary hard template to create the super-/macropores,which are beneficial for enhancing the mass transfer efficiency.Thanks to the dual-templating strategy that creates the monolithic carbon nanowires with hierarchically porous structure,the obtained Pt_(1)/NMCW shows highly enhanced catalytic activity in 4-NP hydrogenation,outperforming its analogue synthesized without using KCl as template and being comparable to the nano-powder catalyst(i.e.,atomic Pt loaded on the Ndoped carbon nanospheres,Pt_(1)/NCS).
基金This work was supported by the National Special Research Program of China for Important Infectious Diseases(2017ZX10202102 and 2018ZX10302103)the Special 2019-nCoV Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC0841400)+9 种基金the Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(EKPG21-24)the Special 2019-nCoV Program of the Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(82041002)the Special Research and Development Program of Guangzhou(202008070010)the Important Key Program of NSFC⑻730060)to HZ This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82102385)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20190398)to X.MThis work was also sup ported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971918)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.JSGG20200225150431472 and JCYJ20200109142601702)the Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou(201806010118)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(2021qntd43)to T.PThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100743,82171825)to X.H.
文摘COVID-19 is identified as a zoonotic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2,which also can cross・transmit to many animals but not mice.Genetic modifications of SARS-CoV-2 or mice enable the mice susceptible to viral infection.Although neither is the natural situation,they are currently utilized to establish mouse infection models.Here we report a direct contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 in wild-type mice.The SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)re plicated efficiently and induced significant pathological changes in lungs and tracheas,accompanied by elevated proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs and sera.Mechanistically,the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)spike protein turned to a high binding affinity to mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(mACE2),allowing the mice highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)infection.Our work suggests that SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)expands the host range and therefore increases its transmission route without adapted mutation.As the wild house mice live with human populations quite closely,this possible transmission route could be potentially risky.In addition,because SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)is one of the major epidemic strains and the mACE2 in laboratory-used mice is naturally expressed and regulated,the SARS-CoV-2(B.1.351)/mice could be a much convenient animal model system to study COVID-19 pathogenesis and evaluate antiviral inhibitors and vaccines.
基金supported by Major Basic Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant(ZR2022ZD30)Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(Grant:QNESL OP 202307)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023QB103)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733609)Qingdao Postdoctoral Applied Research Project(QDBSH20230202075).
文摘The rational design of Fe–N–C catalysts that possess easily accessible active sites and favorable mass transfer,which are usually determined by the structure of catalyst supports,is crucial for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).In this study,an oleic acid-assisted soft-templating approach is developed to synthesize size-controlled nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles(ranging from 130 nm to 60 nm and 35 nm,respectively)that feature spiral mesopores on their surface(SMCs).Next,atomically dispersed Fe–Nx sites are fabricated on the size-tunable SMCs(Fe1/SMC-x,where x represents the SMC size)and the size-dependent activity toward ORR is investigated.It is found that the catalytic performance of Fe1/SMCs is significantly influenced by the size of SMCs,where the Fe1/SMC-60 catalyst shows the highest ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.90 V vs.RHE in KOH electrolyte,indicating that the gas-liquid-solid three-phase interface on the Fe1/SMC-60 enhances the accessibility of Fe–Nx sites.In addition,when using Fe1/SMC-60 as the cathode catalyst in aqueous zinc-air batteries(ZABs),it delivers a higher open-circuit voltage(1.514 V),a greater power density(223 mW cm^(−2)),and a larger specific capacity/energy than Pt/C-based counterparts.These results further highlight the potential of Fe1/SMC60 for practical energy devices associated with ORR and the importance of size-controlled synthesis of SMCs.