Zincophilic property and high electrical conductivity are both very important parameters to design novel Zn anode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs).However,single material is difficult to exhibit zincophilic propert...Zincophilic property and high electrical conductivity are both very important parameters to design novel Zn anode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs).However,single material is difficult to exhibit zincophilic property and high electrical conductivity at the same time.Herein,originating from theoretical calculation,a zincophilic particle regulation strategy is proposed to address these limitations and carbon coated Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)is taken as an example to be a protective layer on zinc metal(NVPC@Zn).Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is a common cathode material for Zn-ion batteries,which is zincophilic.Carbon materials not only offer an electron pathway to help Zn deposition onto NVPC surface,but also enhance the zinc nucleophilicity of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3).Hence,this hybrid coating layer can tune zinc deposition and resist side reactions such as hydrogen generation and Zn metal corrosion.Experimentally,a symmetrical battery with NVPC@Zn electrode displays highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with a long cycle lifespan over 1800 h at2 mA cm^(-2),much better than carbon and Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)solely modified Zn electrodes.When the Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)is replaced with zincophobic Al2O3or zincophilic V2O3,the stability of the modified zinc anodes is also prolonged.This strategy expands the option of zincophilic materials and provides a general and effective way to stabilize the Zn electrode.展开更多
Manganese-based cathode materials are considered as a promising candidate for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).Suffering from poor conductive and limited structure tolerance,various carbon matrix,especial...Manganese-based cathode materials are considered as a promising candidate for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).Suffering from poor conductive and limited structure tolerance,various carbon matrix,especially N-doped carbon,were employed to incorporate with MnO_(2)for greatly promoted electrochemical performances.However,the related underlying mechanism is still unknown,which is unfavorable to guide the design of high performance electrode.Herein,by incorporating layered MnO_(2)with N-doped carbon nanowires,a free-standing cathode with hierarchical core-shell structure(denoted as MnO_(2)@NC)is prepared.Benefiting from the N-doped carbon and rational architecture,the MnO_(2)@NC electrode shows an enhanced specific capacity(325 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 A g^(−1))and rate performance(90 mAh g^(−1)at 2 A g^(−1)),as well as improved cycling stability.Furthermore,the performance improvement mechanism of MnO_(2)incorporated by N-doped carbon is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectrums and density functional theory(DFT)calculation.The N atom elongates the Mn-O bond and reduces the valence of Mn^(4+)ion in MnO_(2)crystal by delocalizing its electron clouds.Thus,the electrostatic repulsion will be weakened when Zn^(2+)/H^(+)insert into the host MnO_(2)lattices,which is profitable to more cation insertion and faster ion transfer kinetics for higher capacity and rate capability.This work elucidates a fundamental understanding of the functions of N-doped carbon in composite materials and shed light on a practical pathway to optimize other electrode materials.展开更多
Lithium(Li)metal electrodes show significantly different reversibility in the electrolytes with different salts.However,the understanding on how the salts impact on the Li loss remains unclear.Herein,using the electro...Lithium(Li)metal electrodes show significantly different reversibility in the electrolytes with different salts.However,the understanding on how the salts impact on the Li loss remains unclear.Herein,using the electrolytes with different salts(e.g.,lithium hexafluorophosphate(LiPF_(6)),lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate(LiDFOB),and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide(LiFSI))as examples,we decouple the irreversible Li loss(SEI Li^(+)and“dead”Li)during cycling.It is found that the accumulation of both SEI Li^(+)and“dead”Li may be responsible to the irreversible Li loss for the Li metal in the electrolyte with LiPF_(6)salt.While for the electrolytes with LiDFOB and LiFSI salts,the accumulation of“dead”Li predominates the Li loss.We also demonstrate that lithium nitrate and fluoroethylene carbonate additives could,respectively,function as the“dead”Li and SEI Li^(+)inhibitors.Inspired by the above understandings,we propose a universal procedure for the electrolyte design of Li metal batteries(LMBs):(i)decouple and find the main reason for the irreversible Li loss;(ii)add the corresponding electrolyte additive.With such a Li-loss-targeted strategy,the Li reversibility was significantly enhanced in the electrolytes with 1,2-dimethoxyethane,triethyl phosphate,and tetrahydrofuran solvents.Our strategy may broaden the scope of electrolyte design toward practical LMBs.展开更多
Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations on rock friction perturbations,an important means for understanding the mechanism and influencing factors of stress-triggered earthquakes,are of great significance for ...Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations on rock friction perturbations,an important means for understanding the mechanism and influencing factors of stress-triggered earthquakes,are of great significance for studying earthquake mechanisms and earthquake hazard analysis.We reviews the experiments and numerical simulations on the effects of stress perturbations on fault slip,and the results show that stress perturbations can change fault stress and trigger earthquakes.The Coulomb failure criterion can shed light on some questions about stress-triggering earthquakes but cannot explain the time dependence of earthquake triggering nor be used to investigate the effect of heterogeneous stress perturbations.The amplitude and period are important factors affecting the correlation between stress perturbation and fault instability.The effect of the perturbation period on fault instability is still controversial,and the effect of the high-frequency perturbation on earthquakes may be underestimated.Normal and shear stress perturbation can trigger fault instability,but their effects on fault slip differ.It is necessary to distinguish whether the stress perturbation is dominated by shear or normal stress change when it triggers fault instability.Fault tectonic stress plays a decisive effect on the mode of fault instability and earthquake magnitude.Acoustic emission activity can reflect the changes in fault stress and the progression of fault nucleation,and identify the meta-instability stage and precursor of fault instability,providing a reference for earthquake prediction.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of filiform needle acupuncture for poststroke depression, and to compare acupuncture with the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drugs. DATA RETRIEVAL: We retr...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of filiform needle acupuncture for poststroke depression, and to compare acupuncture with the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drugs. DATA RETRIEVAL: We retrieved data from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979-2012), Wanfang (1980-2012), VIP (1989-2012), Chinese Biomedical Literature (1975- 2012), PubMed (1966-2012), Ovid Lww (-2012), and Cochrane Library (-2012) Database using the internet. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials on filiform needle acupuncture versus antidepressant drugs for treatment of poststroke depression were included. Moreover, the in- cluded articles scored at least 4 points on the Jadad scale. Exclusion criteria: other acupuncture therapies as treatment group, not stroke-induced depression patients, score 〈 4 points, non-ran- domized controlled trials, or animal trials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: These were the Hamilton Depression Scale scores, clinical ef- fective rate, Self-Rating Depression Scale scores, Side Effect Rating Scale scores, and incidence of adverse reaction and events. RESULTS: A total of 17 randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Meta-analysis results displayed that after 4 weeks of treatment, clinical effective rate was better in patients treated with fill- form needle acupuncture than those treated with simple antidepressant drugs [relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (C/): 1.03-1.21, P = 0.01]. At 6 weeks, clinical effective rate was similar between filiform needle acupuncture and antidepressant drug groups. At 2 weeks after filiform needle acupuncture, Hamilton Depression Scale (17 items) scores were lower than in the antide- pressant drug group (mean difference = -2.34, 95%CI: -3.46 to -1.22, P 〈 0.000,1). At 4 weeks, Hamilton Depression Scale (24 items) scores were similar between filiform needle acupuncture and antidepressant drug groups. Self-Rating Depression Scale scores were lower in filiform needle acupuncture group than in the antidepressant drug group. Side Effect Rating Scale was used in only two articles, and no meta-analysis was conducted. Safety evaluation of the 17 arti- cles showed that gastrointestinal tract reactions such as nausea and vomiting were very common in the antidepressant drug group. Incidence of adverse reaction and events was very low in the filiform needle acupuncture group. CONCLUSION: Early filiform needle acupuncture for poststroke depression can perfectly con- trol depression. Filiform needle acupuncture is safe and reliable. Therapeutic effects of filiform needle acupuncture were better than those of antidepressant drugs.展开更多
Objective: In our previous work, we incorporated complete blood count (CBC) into TNM stage to develop a new prognostic score model, which was validated to improve prediction efficiency of TNM stage for nasopharynge...Objective: In our previous work, we incorporated complete blood count (CBC) into TNM stage to develop a new prognostic score model, which was validated to improve prediction efficiency of TNM stage for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of this study was to revalidate the accuracy of the model, and its superiority to TNM stage, through data from a prospective study.Methods: CBC of 249 eligible patients from the 863 Program No. 2006AA02Z4B4 was evaluated. Prognostic index (PI) of each patient was calculated according to the score model. Then they were divided by the PI into three categories: the low-, intermediate-and high-risk patients. The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) of the three categories was compared by a log-rank test. The model and TNM stage (Tth edition) were compared on efficiency for predicting the 5-year DSS, through comparison of the area under curve (AUC) of their receiver-operating characteristic curves.Results: The 5-year DSS of the low-, intermediate- and high-risk patients were 96.0%, 79.1% and 62.2%, respectively. The low- and intermediate-risk patients had better DSS than the high-risk patients (P〈0.001 and P〈0.005, respectively). And there was a trend of better DSS in the low-risk patients, compared with the intermediate-risk patients (P=0.049). The AUC of the model was larger than that of TNM stage (0.726 vs. 0.661, P:0.023). Conclusions: A CBC-based prognostic score model was revalidated to be accurate and superior to TNM stage on predicting 5-year DSS of NPC.展开更多
Graphene,as a saturable absorber(SA),has attracted much attention for its application in ultrashort pulse fiber lasers due to its ultrafast interband carrier relaxation and ultra-broadband wavelength operation.Neverth...Graphene,as a saturable absorber(SA),has attracted much attention for its application in ultrashort pulse fiber lasers due to its ultrafast interband carrier relaxation and ultra-broadband wavelength operation.Nevertheless,during the stacking process of monolayer graphene layer,the induced nonuniform contact at the interface of graphene layers deteriorate the device performance.Herein,we report the fabrication of graphene saturable absorber mirrors(SAMs)via a one-step transfer process and the realization of the much enlarged modulation depth and the much reduced nonsaturable loss with tri-layer graphene(TLG)than single-layer graphene(SLG)due to the improved uniform contact at the interface.Moreover,the operation of 1550 nm mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser with the TLG SAM exhibits excellent output characteristics of the maximum output power of 9.9 mW,a slope efficiency of 2.4%and a pulse width of 714 fs.Our findings are expected to pave the way toward high-performance ultrashort pulse fiber lasers based on graphene SAs.展开更多
By using the sparsity of frequency hopping(FH) signals,an underdetermined blind source separation(UBSS) algorithm is presented. Firstly, the short time Fourier transform(STFT) is performed on the mixed signals. ...By using the sparsity of frequency hopping(FH) signals,an underdetermined blind source separation(UBSS) algorithm is presented. Firstly, the short time Fourier transform(STFT) is performed on the mixed signals. Then, the mixing matrix, hopping frequencies, hopping instants and the hooping rate can be estimated by the K-means clustering algorithm. With the estimated mixing matrix, the directions of arrival(DOA) of source signals can be obtained. Then, the FH signals are sorted and the FH pattern is obtained. Finally, the shortest path algorithm is adopted to recover the time domain signals. Simulation results show that the correlation coefficient between the estimated FH signal and the source signal is above 0.9 when the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is higher than 0 d B and hopping parameters of multiple FH signals in the synchronous orthogonal FH network can be accurately estimated and sorted under the underdetermined conditions.展开更多
Dark Agouti rat donor hind limbs were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis rat recipients to verify the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on neural regeneration and functional recovery of allotransplante...Dark Agouti rat donor hind limbs were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis rat recipients to verify the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on neural regeneration and functional recovery of allotransplanted limbs in the microenvironment of immunotolerance, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were intramuscularly (gluteus maximus) injected with FK506 (tacrolimus) daily, and were transplanted to the injured nerves. Results indicated that the allograft group not receiving therapy showed severe rejection, with transplanted limbs detaching at 10 days after transplantation with complete necrosis. The number of myelinated axons and Schwann cells in the FK506 and FK506 + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells groups were significantly increased. We observed a lesser degree of gastrocnemius muscle degeneration, and increased polymorphic fibers along with other pathological changes in the FK506 + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group. The FK506 + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group showed significantly better recovery than the autograft and FK506 groups. The results demonstrated that FK506 improved the immune microenvironment. FK506 combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells significantly promoted sciatic nerve regeneration, and improved sensory recovery and motor function in hind limb allotransplant.展开更多
[ Objective ] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with oil dissolution method. [ Method ] Small amounts of acetone or ethanol were separately added into soyb...[ Objective ] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with oil dissolution method. [ Method ] Small amounts of acetone or ethanol were separately added into soybean oil for astaxanthin extraction. The extraction efficiency of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis with different methods was compared. [ Result] The extraction efficiency of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis with acetone, acetone + soybean oil, ethanol + soybean oil, soybean oil was 20.46, 21.65, 20.85 mg/g and 13.05 mg/g, respectively. According to the results, acetone + soybean oil led to the highest extraction rate, which was approximately twice that of soybean oil and higher than that of acetone. [ Conclusion ] This study laid the foundation for large-scale production of astaxanthin.展开更多
Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)has been integrated in millimeter-wave(mmWave)Massive MIMO systems to further enhance the spectrum efficiency, but NOMA has not been fully considered in lens mmWave systems. The fus...Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)has been integrated in millimeter-wave(mmWave)Massive MIMO systems to further enhance the spectrum efficiency, but NOMA has not been fully considered in lens mmWave systems. The fusion of these two technologies requires the joint design of beam selection and interference cancellation. In addition, when users follow the spatial cluster distribution, although the user clustering schemes based on K-means algorithm have been applied, the influence of the virtual and actual cluster center users on achievable sum rate has not been differentiated and analyzed in detail. To solve the above problems, a joint optimization scheme is proposed to maximize the achievable sum rate. The optimization problem is NP-hard, which is solved by using the divide-and-conquer approach. Concretely,based on the signal power loss analysis of directional deviation, a beam selection algorithm is designed for inter-cluster interference cancellation based on the Kmeans algorithm. Further for intra-cluster interference cancellation, a power allocation algorithm based on the bisection method is designed to guarantee the fairness of users in each cluster. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme offers a significant performance improvement in terms of both achievable sum rate and energy efficiency, and it is suitable for the large-scale user scenario due to its low complexity.展开更多
Objective:The radioprotective effects of amifostine remain uncertain in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),and adverse effects and cost limit generalization of its classical everyday regimen.This phase II ...Objective:The radioprotective effects of amifostine remain uncertain in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),and adverse effects and cost limit generalization of its classical everyday regimen.This phase II multicenter randomized controlled trial aimed to explore whether amifostine could ameliorate the toxicities of NPC patients in the era of intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT),and to compare different regimens of amifostine on effectiveness and safety.Methods:Patients with stage I–IVB NPC were involved prospectively from January 1st,2013.All patients received radical treatment based on IMRT.After a randomization stratified by their stage,these patients were allocated into 3 groups:the group treated without amifostine,the group treated with the everyday regimen of amifostine,and the group treated with the every-other-day regimen.The 3 groups of patients were compared on radiotherapy-related acute toxicities,treatment effects of NPC,and amifostine-related complications.This trial was registered on the clinicaltrials.gov(ID:NCT01762514).Results:Until August 31st,2017,totally 187 patients completed experimental intervention.Only amifostine of everyday regimen appeared to reduce the patient proportion of mucositis(79.1%vs.96.8%,P=0.002).Hypocalcemia was less common in patients treated without amifostine than in those treated with amifostine(22.6%vs.53.4%vs.41.8%,P=0.002).Neither complete remission rates nor the survivals were affected by amifostine.Conclusions:Amifostine of everyday regimen could reduce mucositis in NPC patients who received IMRT,though it also had the possibility to cause more hypocalcemia.展开更多
The influence of pre-aging treatment on the microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of the Mg–6Zn–1Gd–1Er(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The microstructure analysis shows that the presence of pre-aging is ben...The influence of pre-aging treatment on the microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of the Mg–6Zn–1Gd–1Er(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The microstructure analysis shows that the presence of pre-aging is beneficial to{1012}twin nucleation at the early stage of extrusion and inhibits the growth of twins and promotes the formation of[1010]-fiber texture components,thus accelerating the complex process of recrystallization.In the middle stage of extrusion,the extruded samples under the condition of solid solution were subjected to dynamic precipitation during severe shear deformation.The precipitation of the second phase particles followed the particle stimulating nucleation(PSN)mechanism,which increased the volume fraction of DRX grains during extrusion.In the extruded samples under the peak-aged condition,the particles appear dissolved during the severe shear deformation strain,which slows down the DRX process.In the later stage of extrusion,the small rod-shaped particles followed the PSN mechanism,and finally formed the strong fiber texture.The extruded alloy exhibits the strongest mechanical properties under the peak-aged state,with ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 346 MPa,tensile yield strength(TYS)of 217 MPa,and elongation to failure(EL)of 13.6%.The improvement of mechanical properties is mainly attributed to the existence of strong fiber texture,small rod-shaped and block-shaped phases.展开更多
The uptake of ammonium,nitrate,phosphorus,and potassium ions by roots is mediated by specific ion transporter or channel proteins,and protein phosphorylation regulation events occurring on these proteins and their reg...The uptake of ammonium,nitrate,phosphorus,and potassium ions by roots is mediated by specific ion transporter or channel proteins,and protein phosphorylation regulation events occurring on these proteins and their regulators determine their ultimate activity.Elucidating the mechanism by which protein phosphorylation modification regulates nutrient uptake will advance plant breeding for high nutrientuse efficiency.In this review,it is concluded that the root nutrient absorption system is composed of several,but not all,members of a specific ion transporter or channel family.Under nutrient-starvation conditions,protein phosphorylation-based regulation of these proteins and associated transcription factors increases ion transporter-or channel-mediated nutrient uptake capacity via direct function activity enhancement,allowing more protein trafficking to the plasma membrane,by strengthening the interaction of transporters and channels with partner proteins,by increasing their protein stability,and by transcriptional activation.Under excessive nutrient conditions,protein phosphorylation-based regulation suppresses nutrient uptake by reversing these processes.Strengthening phosphorylation regulation items that increase nutrient absorption and weakening phosphorylation modification items that are not conducive to nutrient absorption show potential as strategies for increasing nutrient use efficiency.展开更多
TiO_(2)has been explored in hybrid magnesium-lithium batteries(HMLBs)due to the advantages of low self-discharge and small volume expansion during ion insertion.However,how to improve the inherently low ionic and elec...TiO_(2)has been explored in hybrid magnesium-lithium batteries(HMLBs)due to the advantages of low self-discharge and small volume expansion during ion insertion.However,how to improve the inherently low ionic and electrical conductivity of TiO_(2)is the problem that needs to be solved.In this work,a smart strategy is adopted to prepare cobalt-doped TiO_(2)@C(Co^(4+)-TiO_(2)@C)hierarchical nanocomposite derived from Co(II)(OH)n@Ti3C2.Compared with TiO_(2)@C(without cobalt doping),Co^(4+)-TiO_(2)@C shows the highest specific capacity(154.7 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1)after 200 cycles)and extraordinary rate performance in HMLBs.The excellent electrochemical performance of Co4+-TiO_(2)@C is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical structure and cobalt-doping.Both experimental results and density functional theory(DFT)calculation reveal that the cobalt-doping has effectively improved the electronic conductivity and reduced the Li+migration barrier.This work provides a new insight to design TiO_(2)-based cathode materials with high-performance in HMLBs.展开更多
Charge transport characterization of single-molecule junctions is essential for the fundamental research of single-molecule physical chemistry and the development towards single-molecule electronic devices and circuit...Charge transport characterization of single-molecule junctions is essential for the fundamental research of single-molecule physical chemistry and the development towards single-molecule electronic devices and circuits. Among the single-molecule conductance characterization techniques,the single-molecule break junction technique is widely used in tens of worldwide research laboratories which can generate a large amount of experimental data from thousands of individual measurement cycles. However,data interpretation is a challenging task for researchers with different research backgrounds,and the different data analysis approaches sometimes lead to the misunderstanding of the measurement data and even reproducibility issues of the measurement. It is thus a necessity to develop a user-friendly all-in-one data analysis tool that automatizes the basic data analysis in a standard and widely accepted way. In this work,we present the XMe Code (Xiamen Molecular Electronics Code),an intelligent all-in-one data analysis tool for the comprehensive analysis of single-molecule break junction data. XMe code provides end-to-end data analysis that takes in the original experimental data and returns electronic characteristics and even charge transport mechanisms. We believe that XMe Code will promote the transparency of the data analysis in single-molecule electronics and the collaborations among scientists with different research backgrounds.展开更多
It is challenging to cooperatively improve the nonlinear optical(NLO)efficiency and the laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT).This work reports a novel IR NLO materials CsInP_(2)S_(7)(CIPS)designed by combination the s...It is challenging to cooperatively improve the nonlinear optical(NLO)efficiency and the laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT).This work reports a novel IR NLO materials CsInP_(2)S_(7)(CIPS)designed by combination the strategies of alkali metals substitution and microscopic NLO units PS4 introduction based on AgGaS_(2).CIPS was composed of strongly distorted[InS_(6)]^(9-)octahedra and[P_(2)S_(7)]4-dimers constructed by corner-sharing[PS_(4)]^(3-),which increase the NLO efficiency and decrease thermal expansion anisotropy simultaneously.Compared with AgGaS_(2),CIPS exhibited strong phase matchable NLO response ca.1.1×AGS@2.1μm,high LIDT ca.20.8×AgGaS_(2),and IR transparency up to 15.3μm.Structural analysis and theoretical investigation confirmed that large SHG effect and ultrahigh LIDT of CIPS originated from the synergistic contribution of[InS_(6)]^(9-)octahedra and[P_(2)S_(7)]4-dimers.These results indicate that CIPS is a promising NLO candidate in the mid-IR region,and this study provides a new approach for developing potential NLO-LIDT compatible materials.展开更多
Insertion sequences(ISs)exist widely in bacterial genomes,but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified.Here,we report that,under the pressure of phage infection,the IS1o96 tra...Insertion sequences(ISs)exist widely in bacterial genomes,but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified.Here,we report that,under the pressure of phage infection,the IS1o96 transposition of Mycobacterium smegmatis into the Isr2 gene can occur at high frequencies,which endows the mutant mycobacterium with a broad-spectrum antiphage ability.Lsr2 functions as a negative regulator and directly silences expression of a gene island composed of 11 lipid metabolism-related genes.The complete or partial loss of the gene island leads to a significant decrease of bacteriophage adsorption to the mycobacterium,thus defending against phage infection.Strikingly,a phage that has evolved mutations in two tail-filament genes can re-escape from the Isr2 inactivation-triggered host defense.This study uncovered a new signaling pathway for activating antimycobacteriophage immunity by Is transposition and provided insight into the natural evolution of bacterial antiphage defense.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803600)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30106200463 and CCNU22CJ017)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20246)the Graduate Education Innovation Grant from Central China Normal University,China(20210407032)。
文摘Zincophilic property and high electrical conductivity are both very important parameters to design novel Zn anode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs).However,single material is difficult to exhibit zincophilic property and high electrical conductivity at the same time.Herein,originating from theoretical calculation,a zincophilic particle regulation strategy is proposed to address these limitations and carbon coated Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)is taken as an example to be a protective layer on zinc metal(NVPC@Zn).Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is a common cathode material for Zn-ion batteries,which is zincophilic.Carbon materials not only offer an electron pathway to help Zn deposition onto NVPC surface,but also enhance the zinc nucleophilicity of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3).Hence,this hybrid coating layer can tune zinc deposition and resist side reactions such as hydrogen generation and Zn metal corrosion.Experimentally,a symmetrical battery with NVPC@Zn electrode displays highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with a long cycle lifespan over 1800 h at2 mA cm^(-2),much better than carbon and Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)solely modified Zn electrodes.When the Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)is replaced with zincophobic Al2O3or zincophilic V2O3,the stability of the modified zinc anodes is also prolonged.This strategy expands the option of zincophilic materials and provides a general and effective way to stabilize the Zn electrode.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20246,51872108)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.30106200463 and CCNU20TS006)Graduate Education Innovation Grant from Central China Normal University(No.2020CXZZ101).
文摘Manganese-based cathode materials are considered as a promising candidate for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).Suffering from poor conductive and limited structure tolerance,various carbon matrix,especially N-doped carbon,were employed to incorporate with MnO_(2)for greatly promoted electrochemical performances.However,the related underlying mechanism is still unknown,which is unfavorable to guide the design of high performance electrode.Herein,by incorporating layered MnO_(2)with N-doped carbon nanowires,a free-standing cathode with hierarchical core-shell structure(denoted as MnO_(2)@NC)is prepared.Benefiting from the N-doped carbon and rational architecture,the MnO_(2)@NC electrode shows an enhanced specific capacity(325 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 A g^(−1))and rate performance(90 mAh g^(−1)at 2 A g^(−1)),as well as improved cycling stability.Furthermore,the performance improvement mechanism of MnO_(2)incorporated by N-doped carbon is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectrums and density functional theory(DFT)calculation.The N atom elongates the Mn-O bond and reduces the valence of Mn^(4+)ion in MnO_(2)crystal by delocalizing its electron clouds.Thus,the electrostatic repulsion will be weakened when Zn^(2+)/H^(+)insert into the host MnO_(2)lattices,which is profitable to more cation insertion and faster ion transfer kinetics for higher capacity and rate capability.This work elucidates a fundamental understanding of the functions of N-doped carbon in composite materials and shed light on a practical pathway to optimize other electrode materials.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFB2400300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272203)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021GCRC001).
文摘Lithium(Li)metal electrodes show significantly different reversibility in the electrolytes with different salts.However,the understanding on how the salts impact on the Li loss remains unclear.Herein,using the electrolytes with different salts(e.g.,lithium hexafluorophosphate(LiPF_(6)),lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate(LiDFOB),and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide(LiFSI))as examples,we decouple the irreversible Li loss(SEI Li^(+)and“dead”Li)during cycling.It is found that the accumulation of both SEI Li^(+)and“dead”Li may be responsible to the irreversible Li loss for the Li metal in the electrolyte with LiPF_(6)salt.While for the electrolytes with LiDFOB and LiFSI salts,the accumulation of“dead”Li predominates the Li loss.We also demonstrate that lithium nitrate and fluoroethylene carbonate additives could,respectively,function as the“dead”Li and SEI Li^(+)inhibitors.Inspired by the above understandings,we propose a universal procedure for the electrolyte design of Li metal batteries(LMBs):(i)decouple and find the main reason for the irreversible Li loss;(ii)add the corresponding electrolyte additive.With such a Li-loss-targeted strategy,the Li reversibility was significantly enhanced in the electrolytes with 1,2-dimethoxyethane,triethyl phosphate,and tetrahydrofuran solvents.Our strategy may broaden the scope of electrolyte design toward practical LMBs.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1839211)the Spark Program of Earthquake Science and Technology(XH20044)the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics(No.LED2018B06).
文摘Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations on rock friction perturbations,an important means for understanding the mechanism and influencing factors of stress-triggered earthquakes,are of great significance for studying earthquake mechanisms and earthquake hazard analysis.We reviews the experiments and numerical simulations on the effects of stress perturbations on fault slip,and the results show that stress perturbations can change fault stress and trigger earthquakes.The Coulomb failure criterion can shed light on some questions about stress-triggering earthquakes but cannot explain the time dependence of earthquake triggering nor be used to investigate the effect of heterogeneous stress perturbations.The amplitude and period are important factors affecting the correlation between stress perturbation and fault instability.The effect of the perturbation period on fault instability is still controversial,and the effect of the high-frequency perturbation on earthquakes may be underestimated.Normal and shear stress perturbation can trigger fault instability,but their effects on fault slip differ.It is necessary to distinguish whether the stress perturbation is dominated by shear or normal stress change when it triggers fault instability.Fault tectonic stress plays a decisive effect on the mode of fault instability and earthquake magnitude.Acoustic emission activity can reflect the changes in fault stress and the progression of fault nucleation,and identify the meta-instability stage and precursor of fault instability,providing a reference for earthquake prediction.
基金supported by the Guangdong Provincial"211 Engineering"Stage-III Key Disciplines Construction Project in China,No.Yue 2009431
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of filiform needle acupuncture for poststroke depression, and to compare acupuncture with the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drugs. DATA RETRIEVAL: We retrieved data from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979-2012), Wanfang (1980-2012), VIP (1989-2012), Chinese Biomedical Literature (1975- 2012), PubMed (1966-2012), Ovid Lww (-2012), and Cochrane Library (-2012) Database using the internet. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials on filiform needle acupuncture versus antidepressant drugs for treatment of poststroke depression were included. Moreover, the in- cluded articles scored at least 4 points on the Jadad scale. Exclusion criteria: other acupuncture therapies as treatment group, not stroke-induced depression patients, score 〈 4 points, non-ran- domized controlled trials, or animal trials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: These were the Hamilton Depression Scale scores, clinical ef- fective rate, Self-Rating Depression Scale scores, Side Effect Rating Scale scores, and incidence of adverse reaction and events. RESULTS: A total of 17 randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Meta-analysis results displayed that after 4 weeks of treatment, clinical effective rate was better in patients treated with fill- form needle acupuncture than those treated with simple antidepressant drugs [relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (C/): 1.03-1.21, P = 0.01]. At 6 weeks, clinical effective rate was similar between filiform needle acupuncture and antidepressant drug groups. At 2 weeks after filiform needle acupuncture, Hamilton Depression Scale (17 items) scores were lower than in the antide- pressant drug group (mean difference = -2.34, 95%CI: -3.46 to -1.22, P 〈 0.000,1). At 4 weeks, Hamilton Depression Scale (24 items) scores were similar between filiform needle acupuncture and antidepressant drug groups. Self-Rating Depression Scale scores were lower in filiform needle acupuncture group than in the antidepressant drug group. Side Effect Rating Scale was used in only two articles, and no meta-analysis was conducted. Safety evaluation of the 17 arti- cles showed that gastrointestinal tract reactions such as nausea and vomiting were very common in the antidepressant drug group. Incidence of adverse reaction and events was very low in the filiform needle acupuncture group. CONCLUSION: Early filiform needle acupuncture for poststroke depression can perfectly con- trol depression. Filiform needle acupuncture is safe and reliable. Therapeutic effects of filiform needle acupuncture were better than those of antidepressant drugs.
基金supported by Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.2006AA02Z4B4)
文摘Objective: In our previous work, we incorporated complete blood count (CBC) into TNM stage to develop a new prognostic score model, which was validated to improve prediction efficiency of TNM stage for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of this study was to revalidate the accuracy of the model, and its superiority to TNM stage, through data from a prospective study.Methods: CBC of 249 eligible patients from the 863 Program No. 2006AA02Z4B4 was evaluated. Prognostic index (PI) of each patient was calculated according to the score model. Then they were divided by the PI into three categories: the low-, intermediate-and high-risk patients. The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) of the three categories was compared by a log-rank test. The model and TNM stage (Tth edition) were compared on efficiency for predicting the 5-year DSS, through comparison of the area under curve (AUC) of their receiver-operating characteristic curves.Results: The 5-year DSS of the low-, intermediate- and high-risk patients were 96.0%, 79.1% and 62.2%, respectively. The low- and intermediate-risk patients had better DSS than the high-risk patients (P〈0.001 and P〈0.005, respectively). And there was a trend of better DSS in the low-risk patients, compared with the intermediate-risk patients (P=0.049). The AUC of the model was larger than that of TNM stage (0.726 vs. 0.661, P:0.023). Conclusions: A CBC-based prognostic score model was revalidated to be accurate and superior to TNM stage on predicting 5-year DSS of NPC.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Plan of Ministry of Science and Technology(2016YFB0402303)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(61875222,61605106)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M621858)
文摘Graphene,as a saturable absorber(SA),has attracted much attention for its application in ultrashort pulse fiber lasers due to its ultrafast interband carrier relaxation and ultra-broadband wavelength operation.Nevertheless,during the stacking process of monolayer graphene layer,the induced nonuniform contact at the interface of graphene layers deteriorate the device performance.Herein,we report the fabrication of graphene saturable absorber mirrors(SAMs)via a one-step transfer process and the realization of the much enlarged modulation depth and the much reduced nonsaturable loss with tri-layer graphene(TLG)than single-layer graphene(SLG)due to the improved uniform contact at the interface.Moreover,the operation of 1550 nm mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser with the TLG SAM exhibits excellent output characteristics of the maximum output power of 9.9 mW,a slope efficiency of 2.4%and a pulse width of 714 fs.Our findings are expected to pave the way toward high-performance ultrashort pulse fiber lasers based on graphene SAs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6120113461201135)+2 种基金the 111 Project(B08038)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(72124669)the Open Research Fund of the Academy of Application(2014CXJJ-TX06)
文摘By using the sparsity of frequency hopping(FH) signals,an underdetermined blind source separation(UBSS) algorithm is presented. Firstly, the short time Fourier transform(STFT) is performed on the mixed signals. Then, the mixing matrix, hopping frequencies, hopping instants and the hooping rate can be estimated by the K-means clustering algorithm. With the estimated mixing matrix, the directions of arrival(DOA) of source signals can be obtained. Then, the FH signals are sorted and the FH pattern is obtained. Finally, the shortest path algorithm is adopted to recover the time domain signals. Simulation results show that the correlation coefficient between the estimated FH signal and the source signal is above 0.9 when the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is higher than 0 d B and hopping parameters of multiple FH signals in the synchronous orthogonal FH network can be accurately estimated and sorted under the underdetermined conditions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30801171,the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,No.C2009001013 and No.H2012406015
文摘Dark Agouti rat donor hind limbs were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis rat recipients to verify the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on neural regeneration and functional recovery of allotransplanted limbs in the microenvironment of immunotolerance, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were intramuscularly (gluteus maximus) injected with FK506 (tacrolimus) daily, and were transplanted to the injured nerves. Results indicated that the allograft group not receiving therapy showed severe rejection, with transplanted limbs detaching at 10 days after transplantation with complete necrosis. The number of myelinated axons and Schwann cells in the FK506 and FK506 + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells groups were significantly increased. We observed a lesser degree of gastrocnemius muscle degeneration, and increased polymorphic fibers along with other pathological changes in the FK506 + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group. The FK506 + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group showed significantly better recovery than the autograft and FK506 groups. The results demonstrated that FK506 improved the immune microenvironment. FK506 combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells significantly promoted sciatic nerve regeneration, and improved sensory recovery and motor function in hind limb allotransplant.
基金Supported by Project of Yantai Huarong Biological Technology Co.,Ltd
文摘[ Objective ] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with oil dissolution method. [ Method ] Small amounts of acetone or ethanol were separately added into soybean oil for astaxanthin extraction. The extraction efficiency of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis with different methods was compared. [ Result] The extraction efficiency of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis with acetone, acetone + soybean oil, ethanol + soybean oil, soybean oil was 20.46, 21.65, 20.85 mg/g and 13.05 mg/g, respectively. According to the results, acetone + soybean oil led to the highest extraction rate, which was approximately twice that of soybean oil and higher than that of acetone. [ Conclusion ] This study laid the foundation for large-scale production of astaxanthin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62001001)。
文摘Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)has been integrated in millimeter-wave(mmWave)Massive MIMO systems to further enhance the spectrum efficiency, but NOMA has not been fully considered in lens mmWave systems. The fusion of these two technologies requires the joint design of beam selection and interference cancellation. In addition, when users follow the spatial cluster distribution, although the user clustering schemes based on K-means algorithm have been applied, the influence of the virtual and actual cluster center users on achievable sum rate has not been differentiated and analyzed in detail. To solve the above problems, a joint optimization scheme is proposed to maximize the achievable sum rate. The optimization problem is NP-hard, which is solved by using the divide-and-conquer approach. Concretely,based on the signal power loss analysis of directional deviation, a beam selection algorithm is designed for inter-cluster interference cancellation based on the Kmeans algorithm. Further for intra-cluster interference cancellation, a power allocation algorithm based on the bisection method is designed to guarantee the fairness of users in each cluster. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme offers a significant performance improvement in terms of both achievable sum rate and energy efficiency, and it is suitable for the large-scale user scenario due to its low complexity.
基金supported by the grants of the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2006AA02Z4B4)the National Key Projects of Research and Development of China (Grant No.2016YFC0904600)
文摘Objective:The radioprotective effects of amifostine remain uncertain in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),and adverse effects and cost limit generalization of its classical everyday regimen.This phase II multicenter randomized controlled trial aimed to explore whether amifostine could ameliorate the toxicities of NPC patients in the era of intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT),and to compare different regimens of amifostine on effectiveness and safety.Methods:Patients with stage I–IVB NPC were involved prospectively from January 1st,2013.All patients received radical treatment based on IMRT.After a randomization stratified by their stage,these patients were allocated into 3 groups:the group treated without amifostine,the group treated with the everyday regimen of amifostine,and the group treated with the every-other-day regimen.The 3 groups of patients were compared on radiotherapy-related acute toxicities,treatment effects of NPC,and amifostine-related complications.This trial was registered on the clinicaltrials.gov(ID:NCT01762514).Results:Until August 31st,2017,totally 187 patients completed experimental intervention.Only amifostine of everyday regimen appeared to reduce the patient proportion of mucositis(79.1%vs.96.8%,P=0.002).Hypocalcemia was less common in patients treated without amifostine than in those treated with amifostine(22.6%vs.53.4%vs.41.8%,P=0.002).Neither complete remission rates nor the survivals were affected by amifostine.Conclusions:Amifostine of everyday regimen could reduce mucositis in NPC patients who received IMRT,though it also had the possibility to cause more hypocalcemia.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51975207&51404079)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of China(Grant No.2019JJ30010)Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant No.2014B010105009,No.2015A030313902)。
文摘The influence of pre-aging treatment on the microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of the Mg–6Zn–1Gd–1Er(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The microstructure analysis shows that the presence of pre-aging is beneficial to{1012}twin nucleation at the early stage of extrusion and inhibits the growth of twins and promotes the formation of[1010]-fiber texture components,thus accelerating the complex process of recrystallization.In the middle stage of extrusion,the extruded samples under the condition of solid solution were subjected to dynamic precipitation during severe shear deformation.The precipitation of the second phase particles followed the particle stimulating nucleation(PSN)mechanism,which increased the volume fraction of DRX grains during extrusion.In the extruded samples under the peak-aged condition,the particles appear dissolved during the severe shear deformation strain,which slows down the DRX process.In the later stage of extrusion,the small rod-shaped particles followed the PSN mechanism,and finally formed the strong fiber texture.The extruded alloy exhibits the strongest mechanical properties under the peak-aged state,with ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 346 MPa,tensile yield strength(TYS)of 217 MPa,and elongation to failure(EL)of 13.6%.The improvement of mechanical properties is mainly attributed to the existence of strong fiber texture,small rod-shaped and block-shaped phases.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Provincial DoubleInnovation Doctor Program(JSSCBS20221643)the Jiangsu Institute of Botany Talent Fund(JIBTF202210)+2 种基金the Program for the Young Innovative Talents of Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest(2021kj26)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101429)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20200288)。
文摘The uptake of ammonium,nitrate,phosphorus,and potassium ions by roots is mediated by specific ion transporter or channel proteins,and protein phosphorylation regulation events occurring on these proteins and their regulators determine their ultimate activity.Elucidating the mechanism by which protein phosphorylation modification regulates nutrient uptake will advance plant breeding for high nutrientuse efficiency.In this review,it is concluded that the root nutrient absorption system is composed of several,but not all,members of a specific ion transporter or channel family.Under nutrient-starvation conditions,protein phosphorylation-based regulation of these proteins and associated transcription factors increases ion transporter-or channel-mediated nutrient uptake capacity via direct function activity enhancement,allowing more protein trafficking to the plasma membrane,by strengthening the interaction of transporters and channels with partner proteins,by increasing their protein stability,and by transcriptional activation.Under excessive nutrient conditions,protein phosphorylation-based regulation suppresses nutrient uptake by reversing these processes.Strengthening phosphorylation regulation items that increase nutrient absorption and weakening phosphorylation modification items that are not conducive to nutrient absorption show potential as strategies for increasing nutrient use efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22278347)the Graduate Research Innovation Project of Xinjiang(No.XJGRI2017002)the Doctoral Innovation Program of Xinjiang University(No.XJUBSCX-2017012).
文摘TiO_(2)has been explored in hybrid magnesium-lithium batteries(HMLBs)due to the advantages of low self-discharge and small volume expansion during ion insertion.However,how to improve the inherently low ionic and electrical conductivity of TiO_(2)is the problem that needs to be solved.In this work,a smart strategy is adopted to prepare cobalt-doped TiO_(2)@C(Co^(4+)-TiO_(2)@C)hierarchical nanocomposite derived from Co(II)(OH)n@Ti3C2.Compared with TiO_(2)@C(without cobalt doping),Co^(4+)-TiO_(2)@C shows the highest specific capacity(154.7 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1)after 200 cycles)and extraordinary rate performance in HMLBs.The excellent electrochemical performance of Co4+-TiO_(2)@C is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical structure and cobalt-doping.Both experimental results and density functional theory(DFT)calculation reveal that the cobalt-doping has effectively improved the electronic conductivity and reduced the Li+migration barrier.This work provides a new insight to design TiO_(2)-based cathode materials with high-performance in HMLBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22325303,21973079,22032004)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0204902)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China(Xiamen University,20720190002)IRTSTFJ,National Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2018J06004)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS202005).
文摘Charge transport characterization of single-molecule junctions is essential for the fundamental research of single-molecule physical chemistry and the development towards single-molecule electronic devices and circuits. Among the single-molecule conductance characterization techniques,the single-molecule break junction technique is widely used in tens of worldwide research laboratories which can generate a large amount of experimental data from thousands of individual measurement cycles. However,data interpretation is a challenging task for researchers with different research backgrounds,and the different data analysis approaches sometimes lead to the misunderstanding of the measurement data and even reproducibility issues of the measurement. It is thus a necessity to develop a user-friendly all-in-one data analysis tool that automatizes the basic data analysis in a standard and widely accepted way. In this work,we present the XMe Code (Xiamen Molecular Electronics Code),an intelligent all-in-one data analysis tool for the comprehensive analysis of single-molecule break junction data. XMe code provides end-to-end data analysis that takes in the original experimental data and returns electronic characteristics and even charge transport mechanisms. We believe that XMe Code will promote the transparency of the data analysis in single-molecule electronics and the collaborations among scientists with different research backgrounds.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22105218).
文摘It is challenging to cooperatively improve the nonlinear optical(NLO)efficiency and the laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT).This work reports a novel IR NLO materials CsInP_(2)S_(7)(CIPS)designed by combination the strategies of alkali metals substitution and microscopic NLO units PS4 introduction based on AgGaS_(2).CIPS was composed of strongly distorted[InS_(6)]^(9-)octahedra and[P_(2)S_(7)]4-dimers constructed by corner-sharing[PS_(4)]^(3-),which increase the NLO efficiency and decrease thermal expansion anisotropy simultaneously.Compared with AgGaS_(2),CIPS exhibited strong phase matchable NLO response ca.1.1×AGS@2.1μm,high LIDT ca.20.8×AgGaS_(2),and IR transparency up to 15.3μm.Structural analysis and theoretical investigation confirmed that large SHG effect and ultrahigh LIDT of CIPS originated from the synergistic contribution of[InS_(6)]^(9-)octahedra and[P_(2)S_(7)]4-dimers.These results indicate that CIPS is a promising NLO candidate in the mid-IR region,and this study provides a new approach for developing potential NLO-LIDT compatible materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32230002)the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0907200),and the Ba-Gui Scholar Program of Guangxi(To Z.G.H).
文摘Insertion sequences(ISs)exist widely in bacterial genomes,but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified.Here,we report that,under the pressure of phage infection,the IS1o96 transposition of Mycobacterium smegmatis into the Isr2 gene can occur at high frequencies,which endows the mutant mycobacterium with a broad-spectrum antiphage ability.Lsr2 functions as a negative regulator and directly silences expression of a gene island composed of 11 lipid metabolism-related genes.The complete or partial loss of the gene island leads to a significant decrease of bacteriophage adsorption to the mycobacterium,thus defending against phage infection.Strikingly,a phage that has evolved mutations in two tail-filament genes can re-escape from the Isr2 inactivation-triggered host defense.This study uncovered a new signaling pathway for activating antimycobacteriophage immunity by Is transposition and provided insight into the natural evolution of bacterial antiphage defense.