The evolution of energy, energy flux and modal structure of the internal tides (ITs) in the northeastern South China Sea is examined using the measurements at two moorings along a cross-slope section from the deep con...The evolution of energy, energy flux and modal structure of the internal tides (ITs) in the northeastern South China Sea is examined using the measurements at two moorings along a cross-slope section from the deep continental slope to the shallow continental shelf. The energy of both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs clearly shows a ~14-day spring-neap cycle, but their phases lag that of barotropic tides, indicating that ITs are not generated on the continental slope. Observations of internal tidal energy flux suggest that they may be generated at the Luzon Strait and propagate west-northwest to the continental slope in the northwestern SCS. Because the continental slope is critical-supercritical with respect to diurnal ITs, about 4.6 kJ/m^2 of the incident energy and 8.7 kW/m of energy flux of diurnal ITs are reduced from the continental slope to the continental shelf. In contrast, the semidiurnal internal tides enter the shelf because of the sub-critical topography with respect to semidiurnal ITs. From the continental slope to the shelf, the vertical structure of diurnal ITs shows significant variation, with dominant Mode 1 on the deep slope and dominant higher modes on the shelf. On the contrary, the vertical structure of the semidiurnal ITs is stable, with dominant Mode 1.展开更多
The near-inertial waves(NIWs)are important for energy cascade in the ocean.They are usually significantly reinforced by strong winds,such as typhoon.Due to relatively coarse resolutions in contemporary climate models,...The near-inertial waves(NIWs)are important for energy cascade in the ocean.They are usually significantly reinforced by strong winds,such as typhoon.Due to relatively coarse resolutions in contemporary climate models,NIWs and associated ocean mixing need to be parameterized.In this study,a parameterization for NIWs proposed by Jochum in 2013(J13 scheme),which has been widely used,is compared with the observations in the South China Sea,and the observations are treated as model outputs.Under normal conditions,the J13 scheme performs well.However,there are noticeable discrepancies between the J13 scheme and observations during typhoon.During Typhoon Kalmaegi in 2014,the inferred value of the boundary layer is deeper in the J13 scheme due to the weak near-inertial velocity shear in the vertical.After typhoon,the spreading of NIWs beneath the upper boundary layer is much faster than the theoretical prediction of inertial gravity waves,and this fast process is not rendered well by the J13 scheme.In addition,below the boundary layer,NIWs and associated diapycnal mixing last longer than the direct impacts of typhoon on the sea surface.Since the energy dissipation and diapycnal mixing below the boundary layer are bounded to the surface winds in the J13 scheme,the prolonged influences of typhoon via NIWs in the ocean interior are missing in this scheme.Based on current examination,modifications to the J13 scheme are proposed,and the modified version can reduce the discrepancies in the temporal and vertical structures of diapycnal mixing.展开更多
Microstructure and hydrological profiles were collected along two cross-shelf sections from the deep slope to the shallow water in the north of Taiwan Island in the summer of 2006. While the tidal currents on the shel...Microstructure and hydrological profiles were collected along two cross-shelf sections from the deep slope to the shallow water in the north of Taiwan Island in the summer of 2006. While the tidal currents on the shelf were dominated by the barotropic tide with the current ellipse stretched across the shelf, significant internal tides were observed on the slope. The depth-mean turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) dissipation rate on the shelf was 10^(-6)W kg-1, corresponding to a diapycnal diffusivity of 10^(-2)m^2s^(-1). The depth-mean TKE dissipation rate on the slope was 1 × 10^(-7)W kg-1, with diapycnal diffusivity of 3.4 × 10^(-4)m^2s^(-1). The shear instability associated with internal tides largely contributed to the TKE dissipation rate on the slope from the surface to 150 m, while the enhanced turbulence on the shelf was dominated by tidal or residual current dissipations caused by friction in the thick bottom boundary layer(BBL). In the BBL, the Ekman currents associated with the northeastward Taiwan Warm Current were identified, showing a near-bottom velocity spiral, which agreed well with the analytical bottom Ekman solution.展开更多
Near-diurnal vertically-standing waves with high vertical wavenumbers k z were observed in the velocity and shear fi elds from a set of 75-d long ADCP moored in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS)away from the“crit...Near-diurnal vertically-standing waves with high vertical wavenumbers k z were observed in the velocity and shear fi elds from a set of 75-d long ADCP moored in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS)away from the“critical”latitude of 28.8°.These enhanced near-diurnal internal waves followed a fortnightly spring-neap cycle.However,they always happened during semidiurnal spring tides rather than diurnal springs although strong diurnal internal tides with the fortnightly spring-neap cycle were prevailing,suggesting that they were generated via subharmonic instability(PSI)of dominant semidiurnal M 2 internal tides.When two semidiurnal internal tidal waves with opposite vertical propagation direction intersected,both semidiurnal subharmonic and super harmonic waves were largely intensifi ed.The observed maximum diurnal velocity amplitudes were up to 0.25 m/s.The kinetic energy and shear spectra further suggested that frequencies of daughter waves were not always perfectly equal to M 2/2.The superposition of two daughter waves with nearly equal frequencies and nearly opposite k z in a PSI-triad leaded to the vertically-standing waves.展开更多
The South China Sea(SCS)is a large marginal sea connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans.Under the factors of monsoons,strait transport,and varied bathymetry,the SCS presents a three-layer structure and strong diapycn...The South China Sea(SCS)is a large marginal sea connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans.Under the factors of monsoons,strait transport,and varied bathymetry,the SCS presents a three-layer structure and strong diapycnal mixing which is far greater than that in the open ocean.Theoretical analysis and observations reveal that internal tides,internal solitary waves,and strong winds are the sources of the strong mixing in the northern SCS.A major consequence of the strong mixing is an active mid-deep circulation system.This system promotes exchange of water between the SCS and adjacent oceans,and also regulates the upper layer of wind-driven circulation,making the 3 dimensional SCS circulation clearly different from that in other tropical and subtropical marginal seas.The mass transport capacity of the mid-deep circulation has a substantial impact on marine sedimentation,the biogeochemical cycle,and other processes in the SCS.This paper summarizes the recent advances in middeep sea circulation dynamics of the SCS,and discusses the opportunities and challenges in this area.展开更多
Background:The recent development of metagenomic sequencing makes it possible to massively sequence microbial genomes including viral genomes without the need for laboratory culture.Existing reference-based and gene h...Background:The recent development of metagenomic sequencing makes it possible to massively sequence microbial genomes including viral genomes without the need for laboratory culture.Existing reference-based and gene homology-based methods are not efficient in identifying unknown viruses or short viral sequences from metagenomic data.Methods:Here we developed a reference-free and alignment-free machine learning method,DeepVirFinder,for identifying viral sequences in metagenomic data using deep learning.Results'.Trained based on sequences from viral RefSeq discovered before May 2015,and evaluated on those discovered after that date,DeepVirFinder outperformed the state-of-the-art method VirFinder at all contig lengths,achieving AUROC 0.93,0.95,0.97,and 0.98 for 300,500,1000,and 3000 bp sequences respectively.Enlarging the training data with additional millions of purified viral sequences from metavirome samples further improved the accuracy for identifying virus groups that are under-represented.Applying DeepVirFinder to real human gut metagenomic samples,we identified 51,138 viral sequences belonging to 175 bins in patients with colorectal carcinoma(CRC).Ten bins were found associated with the cancer status,suggesting viruses may play important roles in CRC.Conclusions:Powered by deep learning and high throughput sequencing metagenomic data,DeepVirFinder significantly improved the accuracy of viral identification and will assist the study of viruses in the era of metagenomics.展开更多
Device-free Passive(DfP) detection has received increasing attention for its ability to support various pervasive applications. Instead of relying on variable Received Signal Strength(RSS), most recent studies rel...Device-free Passive(DfP) detection has received increasing attention for its ability to support various pervasive applications. Instead of relying on variable Received Signal Strength(RSS), most recent studies rely on finer-grained Channel State Information(CSI). However, existing methods have some limitations, in that they are effective only in the Line-Of-Sight(LOS) or for more than one moving individual. In this paper, we analyze the human motion effect on CSI and propose a novel scheme for Robust Passive Motion Detection(R-PMD). Since traditional low-pass filtering has a number of limitations with respect to data denoising, we adopt a novel Principal Component Analysis(PCA)-based filtering technique to capture the representative signals of human motion and extract the variance profile as the sensitive metric for human detection. In addition, existing schemes simply aggregate CSI values over all the antennas in MIMO systems. Instead, we investigate the sensing quality of each antenna and aggregate the best combination of antennas to achieve more accurate and robust detection. The R-PMD prototype uses off-the-shelf WiFi devices and the experimental results demonstrate that R-PMD achieves an average detection rate of 96.33% with a false alarm rate of 3.67%.展开更多
基金The State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.LTO1915the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41630970,41876016,41676022 and 41521005the Instrument Developing Project of the CAS under contract No.YZ201432
文摘The evolution of energy, energy flux and modal structure of the internal tides (ITs) in the northeastern South China Sea is examined using the measurements at two moorings along a cross-slope section from the deep continental slope to the shallow continental shelf. The energy of both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs clearly shows a ~14-day spring-neap cycle, but their phases lag that of barotropic tides, indicating that ITs are not generated on the continental slope. Observations of internal tidal energy flux suggest that they may be generated at the Luzon Strait and propagate west-northwest to the continental slope in the northwestern SCS. Because the continental slope is critical-supercritical with respect to diurnal ITs, about 4.6 kJ/m^2 of the incident energy and 8.7 kW/m of energy flux of diurnal ITs are reduced from the continental slope to the continental shelf. In contrast, the semidiurnal internal tides enter the shelf because of the sub-critical topography with respect to semidiurnal ITs. From the continental slope to the shelf, the vertical structure of diurnal ITs shows significant variation, with dominant Mode 1 on the deep slope and dominant higher modes on the shelf. On the contrary, the vertical structure of the semidiurnal ITs is stable, with dominant Mode 1.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42125601 and 42076001the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources,under contract Nos HYGG2003 and QNYC2002+3 种基金the project supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contract No.SML2021SP207the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University under contract No.SL2020MS032the CEES Visiting Fellowship Program under contract No.CEESRS202001the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contract No.311021001。
文摘The near-inertial waves(NIWs)are important for energy cascade in the ocean.They are usually significantly reinforced by strong winds,such as typhoon.Due to relatively coarse resolutions in contemporary climate models,NIWs and associated ocean mixing need to be parameterized.In this study,a parameterization for NIWs proposed by Jochum in 2013(J13 scheme),which has been widely used,is compared with the observations in the South China Sea,and the observations are treated as model outputs.Under normal conditions,the J13 scheme performs well.However,there are noticeable discrepancies between the J13 scheme and observations during typhoon.During Typhoon Kalmaegi in 2014,the inferred value of the boundary layer is deeper in the J13 scheme due to the weak near-inertial velocity shear in the vertical.After typhoon,the spreading of NIWs beneath the upper boundary layer is much faster than the theoretical prediction of inertial gravity waves,and this fast process is not rendered well by the J13 scheme.In addition,below the boundary layer,NIWs and associated diapycnal mixing last longer than the direct impacts of typhoon on the sea surface.Since the energy dissipation and diapycnal mixing below the boundary layer are bounded to the surface winds in the J13 scheme,the prolonged influences of typhoon via NIWs in the ocean interior are missing in this scheme.Based on current examination,modifications to the J13 scheme are proposed,and the modified version can reduce the discrepancies in the temporal and vertical structures of diapycnal mixing.
基金sponsored by the National Basic Research Program of China (Ministry of Science and Technology)granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41306003 and 41430963)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 0905-841313038, 1100841262028 and 0905-201462003)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2013M531647)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (Grant No. BS2013HZ015)
文摘Microstructure and hydrological profiles were collected along two cross-shelf sections from the deep slope to the shallow water in the north of Taiwan Island in the summer of 2006. While the tidal currents on the shelf were dominated by the barotropic tide with the current ellipse stretched across the shelf, significant internal tides were observed on the slope. The depth-mean turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) dissipation rate on the shelf was 10^(-6)W kg-1, corresponding to a diapycnal diffusivity of 10^(-2)m^2s^(-1). The depth-mean TKE dissipation rate on the slope was 1 × 10^(-7)W kg-1, with diapycnal diffusivity of 3.4 × 10^(-4)m^2s^(-1). The shear instability associated with internal tides largely contributed to the TKE dissipation rate on the slope from the surface to 150 m, while the enhanced turbulence on the shelf was dominated by tidal or residual current dissipations caused by friction in the thick bottom boundary layer(BBL). In the BBL, the Ekman currents associated with the northeastward Taiwan Warm Current were identified, showing a near-bottom velocity spiral, which agreed well with the analytical bottom Ekman solution.
基金Supported by the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41630970,41876016,41676022,41521005)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang(No.LR20D060001)the Instrument Developing Project of the CAS(No.YZ201432)the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.LTO1915)。
文摘Near-diurnal vertically-standing waves with high vertical wavenumbers k z were observed in the velocity and shear fi elds from a set of 75-d long ADCP moored in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS)away from the“critical”latitude of 28.8°.These enhanced near-diurnal internal waves followed a fortnightly spring-neap cycle.However,they always happened during semidiurnal spring tides rather than diurnal springs although strong diurnal internal tides with the fortnightly spring-neap cycle were prevailing,suggesting that they were generated via subharmonic instability(PSI)of dominant semidiurnal M 2 internal tides.When two semidiurnal internal tidal waves with opposite vertical propagation direction intersected,both semidiurnal subharmonic and super harmonic waves were largely intensifi ed.The observed maximum diurnal velocity amplitudes were up to 0.25 m/s.The kinetic energy and shear spectra further suggested that frequencies of daughter waves were not always perfectly equal to M 2/2.The superposition of two daughter waves with nearly equal frequencies and nearly opposite k z in a PSI-triad leaded to the vertically-standing waves.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1405701)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-DQC022)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41521005, 41730535, 41776036, 41676001 & 41776026)the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2017YFA0603201)
文摘The South China Sea(SCS)is a large marginal sea connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans.Under the factors of monsoons,strait transport,and varied bathymetry,the SCS presents a three-layer structure and strong diapycnal mixing which is far greater than that in the open ocean.Theoretical analysis and observations reveal that internal tides,internal solitary waves,and strong winds are the sources of the strong mixing in the northern SCS.A major consequence of the strong mixing is an active mid-deep circulation system.This system promotes exchange of water between the SCS and adjacent oceans,and also regulates the upper layer of wind-driven circulation,making the 3 dimensional SCS circulation clearly different from that in other tropical and subtropical marginal seas.The mass transport capacity of the mid-deep circulation has a substantial impact on marine sedimentation,the biogeochemical cycle,and other processes in the SCS.This paper summarizes the recent advances in middeep sea circulation dynamics of the SCS,and discusses the opportunities and challenges in this area.
基金The research was supported by the U.S.National Institutes of Health R01GM120624,National Science Foundation DMS-1518001,National Natural Science Foundation of China(11701546)the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems(CBIOMES+1 种基金grant ID 549943)We thank Drs.Michael S.Waterman,Gesine Reinert,Ying Wang,Rui Jiang,Yang Lu,Lizzie Dorfrnan,Mr.Weili Wang,and Mr.Luigi Manna for helpful discussions and suggestions.We thank USC Center for High Performance Computing(HPC)for helping us use their cluster computers.
文摘Background:The recent development of metagenomic sequencing makes it possible to massively sequence microbial genomes including viral genomes without the need for laboratory culture.Existing reference-based and gene homology-based methods are not efficient in identifying unknown viruses or short viral sequences from metagenomic data.Methods:Here we developed a reference-free and alignment-free machine learning method,DeepVirFinder,for identifying viral sequences in metagenomic data using deep learning.Results'.Trained based on sequences from viral RefSeq discovered before May 2015,and evaluated on those discovered after that date,DeepVirFinder outperformed the state-of-the-art method VirFinder at all contig lengths,achieving AUROC 0.93,0.95,0.97,and 0.98 for 300,500,1000,and 3000 bp sequences respectively.Enlarging the training data with additional millions of purified viral sequences from metavirome samples further improved the accuracy for identifying virus groups that are under-represented.Applying DeepVirFinder to real human gut metagenomic samples,we identified 51,138 viral sequences belonging to 175 bins in patients with colorectal carcinoma(CRC).Ten bins were found associated with the cancer status,suggesting viruses may play important roles in CRC.Conclusions:Powered by deep learning and high throughput sequencing metagenomic data,DeepVirFinder significantly improved the accuracy of viral identification and will assist the study of viruses in the era of metagenomics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61373137, 61572261, 61572260, and 61373017)Major Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (No. 14KJA520002)Graduate Student Research Innovation Project (Nos. KYLX16_0666 and KYLX16_0670)
文摘Device-free Passive(DfP) detection has received increasing attention for its ability to support various pervasive applications. Instead of relying on variable Received Signal Strength(RSS), most recent studies rely on finer-grained Channel State Information(CSI). However, existing methods have some limitations, in that they are effective only in the Line-Of-Sight(LOS) or for more than one moving individual. In this paper, we analyze the human motion effect on CSI and propose a novel scheme for Robust Passive Motion Detection(R-PMD). Since traditional low-pass filtering has a number of limitations with respect to data denoising, we adopt a novel Principal Component Analysis(PCA)-based filtering technique to capture the representative signals of human motion and extract the variance profile as the sensitive metric for human detection. In addition, existing schemes simply aggregate CSI values over all the antennas in MIMO systems. Instead, we investigate the sensing quality of each antenna and aggregate the best combination of antennas to achieve more accurate and robust detection. The R-PMD prototype uses off-the-shelf WiFi devices and the experimental results demonstrate that R-PMD achieves an average detection rate of 96.33% with a false alarm rate of 3.67%.