Changes in Spring Snow Cover over the Eastern and Western Tibetan Plateau and Their Associated Mechanism

The spring snow cover(SC)over the western Tibetan Plateau(TP)(TPSC)(W_TPSC)and eastern TPSC(E_TPSC)have displayed remarkable decreasing and increasing trends,respectively,during 1985–2020.The current work investigates the possible mechanisms accounting for these distinct TPSC changes.Our results indicate that the decrease in W_TPSC is primarily attributed to rising temperatures,while the increase in E_TPSC is closely linked to enhanced precipitation.Local circulation analysis shows that the essential system responsible for the TPSC changes is a significant anticyclonic system centered over the northwestern TP.The anomalous descending motion and adiabatic heating linked to this anticyclone leads to warmer temperatures and consequent snowmelt over the western TP.Conversely,anomalous easterly winds along the southern flank of this anticyclone serve to transport additional moisture from the North Pacific,leading to an increase in snowfall over the eastern TP.Further analysis reveals that the anomalous anticyclone is associated with an atmospheric wave pattern that originates from upstream regions.Springtime warming of the subtropical North Atlantic(NA)sea surface temperature(SST)induces an atmospheric pattern resembling a wave train that travels eastward across the Eurasian continent before reaching the TP.Furthermore,the decline in winter sea ice(SIC)over the Barents Sea exerts a persistent warming influence on the atmosphere,inducing an anomalous atmospheric circulation that propagates southeastward and strengthens the northwest TP anticyclone in spring.Additionally,an enhancement of subtropical stationary waves has resulted in significant increases in easterly moisture fluxes over the coastal areas of East Asia,which further promotes more snowfall over eastern TP.

1980~2019年中亚夏季地表气温的异常增暖

本文利用1980~2019年NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料、CRU地表气温资料、积雪覆盖率资料和全球海温资料,分析了中亚夏季地表气温的气候突变及其和北大西洋海温、青藏高原积雪之间的关系。结果表明:中亚夏季地表气温在2005年发生明显的气候突变。标准化的中亚区域平均的气温指数从之前的负位相为主变为之后的正位相为主,表示中亚地区夏季地表气温显著增温。和中亚夏季地表气温异常增温相联系的大气环流场的分析表明,2005年之后,中亚地区西侧的反气旋性环流系统异常增强,该反气旋异常对应的大气下沉增暖以及反气旋异常增强引起的云量减少进而导致向下的短波辐射增加均有利于中亚夏季气温异常升高。进一步的合成分析表明,中亚夏季地表气温在2005年的气候突变和北大西洋中高纬度地区的海表温度的增暖和青藏高原西部积雪的减少有着密切关系。北大西洋中高纬度海表温度增温能激发一个向下游传播的罗斯贝波,青藏高原西部积雪减少能够通过积雪的反照率效应对上空的大气有增温作用,两者均能增强中亚地区上空的反气旋系统,从而有利于中亚夏季地表气温异常偏高。

Analysis of lower-boundary climate factors contributing to the summer heatwave frequency over eastern Europe using a machine-learning model

本文使用LightGBM机器学习模型模拟了欧洲东部夏季热浪频率的变化,并分析了多个底边界层气候因子的贡献.所选取的气候因子包括前期冬季,前期春季以及同期夏季的下垫面海温,土壤湿度,积雪以及海冰.分析结果说明LightGBM模型能够较好的模拟出欧洲东部夏季热浪频率的变化,其中海温因子对模拟的贡献最大.进一步的分析研究显示,使用前期冬季的气候因子进行的模拟可以获得最佳模拟结果,意味着前期冬季的下垫面气候因子可能对夏季欧洲东部热浪频率变化的预报能起到关键作用.

The Impact of Tibetan Plateau Snow Cover on the Summer Temperature in Central Asia

The current work examines the impact of the snow cover extent(SCE)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)on the interannual variation in the summer(June−July−August)surface air temperature(SAT)over Central Asia(CA)(SAT_CA)during the 1979−2019 period.The leading mode of the summer SAT_CA features a same-sign temperature anomalies in CA and explains 62%of the total variance in SAT_CA.The atmospheric circulation associated with a warming SAT_CA is characterized by a pronounced high-pressure system dominating CA.The high-pressure system is accompanied by warm advection as well as descending motion over CA,favoring the warming of the SAT_CA.Analysis shows that the interannual variation in the summer SAT_CA is significantly positively correlated with the April SCE over the central-eastern TP.In April,higher than normal SCE over the central-eastern TP has a pronounced cooling effect on the column of the atmosphere above the TP and can persist until the following early summer.Negative and positive height anomalies appear above and to the west of the TP.In the following months,the perturbation forcing generated by the TP SCE anomalies lies near the western center of the Asian subtropical westerly jet(SWJ),which promotes atmospheric waves in the zonal direction guided by the Asian SWJ.Associated with this atmospheric wave,in the following summer,a significant high-pressure system dominates CA,which is a favorable condition for a warm summer SAT_CA.

Molecular Cloning and Tissue-specific Expression of Cu/Zn and Mn-superoxide Dismutase in the Three-keeled Pond Turtle, Chinemys reevesii

Both copper/zinc superoxide dismutase （SOD; Cu/Zn-SOD, SOD1） cDNA and manganese SOD （Mn-SOD, SOD2） cDNA were cloned for the first time from the three-keeled pond turtle, Chinemys reevesii, using RT-PCR and RACE methods in this work. The SOD1 cDNA was 749 bp long and consisted of a 32-bp 5＇-untranslated region （UTR）, a 249-bp 3＇-UTR, and a 468-bp open reading frame （ORF） encoding a 155-amino-acid protein with 16.0 kDa predicted molecular mass and 5.95 theoretical isoelectric point （p/）. The SOD2 cDNA was 1687 bp long and comprised 94-bp of 5＇-UTR, 912-bp 3＇-UTR and 681-bp ORF encoding a 226-amino-acid protein with 25.0 kDa predicted molecular mass and 8.83 pI. The deduced amino acid sequence of SOD1 showed relatively high similarity （77.4%-87.1%） and identity （65.4%-74.4%） with the published sequences of SOD1 from other vertebrate species, whereas SOD2 protein shared slightly higher similarity （83.6%-95.6%） and identity （76.1%-88.9%） with other reported vertebrates SOD2s. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the C. reevesii SOD1 and SOD2 were separately clustered together, and were highly conserved during evolution. Both SOD mRNA expression was detected widely in the brain, liver, muscle, kidney, gut, spleen, lung and heart at variable levels. The highest expression of the two SODs was observed in muscle, and followed in brain, liver, kidney, gut and heart, whereas low transcriptional levels were found in spleen and lung. Meanwhile, high activity of SOD 1 was kept in brain, liver, muscle, kidney and heart, and followed in gut, spleen and lung. The activities of SOD2 in brain, liver, muscle, kidney, gut and heart were significantly higher than those in spleen and lung.

Early-life famine exposure,adulthood obesity patterns,and risk of low-energy fracture

Malnutrition in early life increases the risk of osteoporosis,but the association of early-life undernutrition combined with adulthood obesity patterns with low-energy fracture remains unknown.This study included 5323 community-dwelling subjects aged⩾40 years from China.Early-life famine exposure was identified based on the participants’birth dates.General obesity was assessed using the body mass index(BMI),and abdominal obesity was evaluated with the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR).Low-energy fracture was defined as fracture occurring after the age of⩾40 typically caused by falls from standing height or lower.Compared to the nonexposed group,the group with fetal,childhood,and adolescence famine exposure was associated with an increased risk of fracture in women with odds ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)of 3.55(1.57–8.05),3.90(1.57–9.71),and 3.53(1.05–11.88),respectively,but not in men.Significant interactions were observed between fetal famine exposure and general obesity with fracture among women(P for interaction=0.0008).Furthermore,compared with the groups with normal BMI and WHR,the group of women who underwent fetal famine exposure and had both general and abdominal obesity had the highest risk of fracture(OR,95%CI:3.32,1.17–9.40).These results indicate that early-life famine exposure interacts with adulthood general obesity and significantly increases the risk of low-energy fracture later in life in women.