一战时期俄国反境内德意志人运动与社会危机

第一次世界大战的爆发和俄国的参战在俄国境内引发了民族沙文主义狂潮,也为积聚于俄国社会的反德意志人情绪开启了倾泻的“闸门”。在民族主义报刊和部分知识分子的合力推动下,反德意志人情绪急剧高涨,迅速扩散到俄国社会的各个角落,并掀起了针对境内德意志人的排外运动。为了确保国家安全并转嫁责任,沙皇政府采取驱逐边境地区德意志人、清算德意志农民和企业的财产、禁止德语授课、关停德文报刊等强制措施,试图抹去俄国德意志人的民族特征,迫追使其与德国人划清界限,并削弱德国资本在俄国经济领域的地位和影响。这些举措不仅深刻影响了俄国境内德意志人的历史命运,而且导致战争时期俄国社会秩序更加混乱,沙皇政府的威信受到空前挑战,在一定程度上加速了罗曼诺夫王朝的衰亡。

Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

Membrane capacitive deionization(MCDI)is an efficient desalination technology for brine.Penicillin fermentation residue biochar(PFRB)possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system.Under optimal conditions(electrode weight,voltage,and concentration)and a carbonization temperature of 700℃,the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g,which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes.Furthermore,the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry(CV)and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g.Finally,biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles.This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.

Mechanism of ball milled activated carbon in improving the desalination performance of flow-and fixed-electrode in capacitive deionization desalination

Capacitive deionization(CDI)is a novel electrochemical water-treatment technology.The electrode material is an important factor in determining the ion separation efficiency.Activated carbon(AC)is extensively used as an electrode material;however,there are still many deficiencies in commercial AC.We adopted a simple processing method,ball milling,to produce ball milled AC(BAC)to improve the physical and electrochemical properties of the original AC and desalination efficiency.The BAC was characterized in detail and used for membrane capacitive deionization(MCDI)and flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)electrode materials.After ball milling,the BAC obtained excellent pore structures and favorable surfaces for ion adsorption,which reduced electron transfer resistance and ion migration resistance in the electrodes.The optimal ball-milling time was 10 h.However,the improved effects of BAC as fixed electrodes and flow electrodes are different and the related mechanisms are discussed in detail.The average salt adsorption rates(ASAR)of FCDI and MCDI were improved by 134%and 17%,respectively,and the energy-normalized removal salt(ENRS)were enhanced by 21%and 53%,respectively.We believe that simple,low-cost,and environmentally friendly BAC has great potential for practical engineering applications of FCDI and MCDI.

自然保护区生物标本资源共享子平台红外相机数据库建设进展

红外相机技术在野生动物调查研究中得到广泛应用,其发展和普及为中国自然保护地生物多样性保护带来了诸多机会。为进一步推广该技术在我国自然保护地野生动物监测中的应用,中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所在自然保护区生物标本资源共享子平台增设野生动物红外相机数据库专栏,并通过门户网站"中国自然保护区生物标本资源共享平台"(http://www.papc.cn/)对外发布,向公众开放,可以随时查阅、下载信息。本文重点介绍了该平台的野生动物红外相机数据库建设进展,包括所监测的自然保护区、监测方案、数据规范存储、标准化分析、成果介绍、工作计划等内容。2010–2019年间,该平台使用红外相机调查技术在全国13个不同类型的保护地开展兽类和鸟类资源调查,累计27.25万个有效工作日,共拍摄到8.41万张独立图像,经鉴定有80种野生兽类和200种野生鸟类,并利用这些数据对野生动物行为、稀有物种探测、人为干扰,以及气候变化影响等方面进行研究,取得了重要的阶段性成果。下一步,子平台牵头单位将筹建自然保护地红外相机数据共享平台,制定红外相机调查设计、监测技术、数据格式等统一标准化方案,逐步完善我国自然保护地野生动物红外相机监测网络。