A novel lead-free relaxor with endotaxial nanostructures for capacitive energy storage

Dielectric capacitors with a fast charging/discharging rate,high power density,and long-term stability are essential components in modern electrical devices.However,miniaturizing and integrating capacitors face a persistent challenge in improving their energy density(W_(rec))to satisfy the specifications of advanced electronic systems and applications.In this work,leveraging phase-field simulations,we judiciously designed a novel lead-free relaxor ferroelectric material for enhanced energy storage performance,featuring flexible distributed weakly polar endotaxial nanostructures(ENs)embedded within a strongly polar fluctuation matrix.The matrix contributes to substantially enhanced polarization under an external electric field,and the randomly dispersed ENs effectively optimize breakdown phase proportion and provide a strong restoring force,which are advantageous in bolstering breakdown strength and minimizing hysteresis.Remarkably,this relaxor ferroelectric system incorporating ENs achieves an exceptionally high W_(rec)value of 10.3 J/cm^(3),accompanied by a large energy storage efficiency(η)of 85.4%.This work introduces a promising avenue for designing new relaxor materials capable of capacitive energy storage with exceptional performance characteristics.

Numerical Investigation into the Air Flow Distributions of the Air Conditioning System in the Modular Data Center

Data center plays an increasingly important role in everyday life.As data center is becoming more and more powerful,energy consumption is also increasing dramatically.The air conditioning system occupies at least 50 percent of the total energy consumption.Therefore,delicate analysis on the air conditioning system could help to reduce energy consumption in data center.An advanced Finite Volume Method with RNG k-ε model and convective heat exchange model is used in this paper to study the airflow and the temperature distribution of modular data center under different arrangements.Specifically,the calculation formula of convective heat transfer coefficient for plate flow is adopted to simplify analysis;and fans on the back of racks are simplified to be walls with a certain pressure jump.Simulations reveal that,in the case where air conditioners are arranged face-to-face,the temperature distribution on the back of racks is not uniform,and local high temperature points emerge near the side wall of air conditioners.By analyzing the distribution of air flow and temperature,geometric model is optimized by using a diagonal rack arrangement and drilling holes on the side wall.In the same energy consumption situation,the overall maximum temperature of the optimized model is reduced by 2.3℃ compared with that of the original one,and the maximum temperature on the server surface is reduced by 1℃.Based on the optimized model,the effect of the hot aisle distance on the temperature distribution is studied.By simulating four different cases with various distances of hot aisle of 100cm,120cm,130cm and 150cm,it is found that the temperature is generally lower and distributed more evenly in the case with 120cm hot aisle distance.This demonstrates that the distance of hot aisle has an effect on temperature.