Emerging MoS_(2)Wafer-Scale Technique for Integrated Circuits

As an outstanding representative of layered materials,molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))has excellent physical properties,such as high carrier mobility,stability,and abundance on earth.Moreover,its reasonable band gap and microelectronic compatible fabrication characteristics makes it the most promising candidate in future advanced integrated circuits such as logical electronics,flexible electronics,and focal-plane photodetector.However,to realize the all-aspects application of MoS_(2),the research on obtaining high-quality and large-area films need to be continuously explored to promote its industrialization.Although the MoS_(2)grain size has already improved from several micrometers to sub-millimeters,the high-quality growth of wafer-scale MoS_(2)is still of great challenge.Herein,this review mainly focuses on the evolution of MoS_(2)by including chemical vapor deposition,metal–organic chemical vapor deposition,physical vapor deposition,and thermal conversion technology methods.The state-of-the-art research on the growth and optimization mechanism,including nucleation,orientation,grain,and defect engineering,is systematically summarized.Then,this review summarizes the wafer-scale application of MoS_(2)in a transistor,inverter,electronics,and photodetectors.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the wafer-scale growth and application of MoS_(2).

Sevoflurane and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat cochlea

Sevoflurane exhibits anesthetic action by inhibiting the auditory cortex, brain stem nitric oxide synthase activity, and reducing nitric oxide （NO）, thereby interfering with the hearing process. However, the influence of sevoflurane on peripheric receptor （cochlea） NO remains poorly understood. Results from the present study showed that sevoflurane downregulated cochlear inducible NO synthase, endothelial NO synthase and neuronal NO synthase expression in a dose dependent manner. This suggests that sevoflurane can decrease cochlear NO synthase expression in a dose dependent manner.

Tune the photoresponse of monolayer MoS_(2) by decorating CsPbBr_(3) perovskite nanoparticles

Tuning the photoresponse of monolayer MoS_(2) could extend its potential application in many fields,however,it is still a challenge.In this study,CsPbBr_(3) nanoparticles were prepared and spin-coated on the surface of monolayer MoS_(2) to fabricate hybrid CsPbBr_(3)/MoS_(2) photodetectors.By combing the photoelectrical property of the CsPbBr_(3),the synergistic effect has been systematically studied from its carrier mobility,photoresponse and detectivity.It was found that nanofilm-coating of CsPbBr_(3)would impede the photoelectric performance due to the electron-hole recombination facilitated by the defects at the interface of C PbBr_(3) and MoS_(2) films.While the nanoparticles decorating was observed to significantly improve the conductivity of the monolayer Mo S_(2),which also increased the on/off ratio of the MoS_(2) transistor from 8.2×10~3 to 4.4×10^(4),and enhanced the carrier mobility from 0.090 cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1)to 0.202 cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1),ascribing to a mixed electron recombination-injection process.Furthermore,the CsPbBr_(3) nanofilm would decrease the responsivity to 136 and 178 A/W under the light wavelength of 400 and 500 nm,respectively,while decorating CsPbBr_(3) nanoparticles improve the photoresponse to 948 and 883 A/W with the detectivity at the level of 10^(11)Jones.This work may provide an easy and cost-efficient way to tune the photoresponse of MoS_(2) photodetectors.

Biogeographical affinities and evolution of terrestrial fauna in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas:a case study of Aphidomorpha

The history of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas(QTPH)region makes it a‘living laboratory'for understanding how the Earth's abiotic evolution has shaped regional biotas.However,no studies to date have attempted to investigate general macro-scale biogeographical patterns and biogeographical affinities of the QTPH terrestrial fauna in a global context.Based on the analyses of the global distributions of QTPH Aphidomorpha species,we examined generalized distribution patterns for them and investigated the biogeographical affinities between the QTPH and other regions.Track analysis and cluster analysis of the global distributions of 298 Aphidomorpha species in the QTPH identified seven generalized biogeographical tracks and eight general distribution patterns.Both approaches detected similarly generalized distribution patterns.Four marginal areas where the generalized tracks intersect,i.e.the eastern Himalayas,the western Himalayas,the Hengduan Mountains,and the northeastern QTPH,were identified as biogeographical nodes.The generalized distribution patterns indicate the biogeographical affinities between the QTPH and other regions and suggest the complex nature of the QTPH fauna.A spatial congruence between the nodes and diversity centres detected by previous studies indicates the four marginal areas have been key areas in fauna evolution as centres for faunal exchange as well as glacial refugia.Based on the biogeographical patterns,the geological history of the QTPH and the evolutionary history of Aphidomorpha,we propose an evolutionary scenario for the evolution of the QTPH aphid fauna in which faunal exchanges,vicariance due to the uplift of geographical barriers,environmental heterogeneity and Quarternary glaciations have shaped the diversity patterns and fauna in the QTPH.

Mother knows best:reproductive regulation of caste ratio in a social hemipteran

Dear Editor,The reproductive division of labor between reproductive and non-reproductive castes is regarded as a hallmark of the evolution of eusociality and is vital to the ecological success of social insects(Wilson,1971;Wilson&Holldobler,2005).The social systems of hymenopterans and termites have attracted much attention;however,social organization has also been found in some tiny aphids of the Hemiptera.

肌纤维E_(2)信号促进小鼠急性损伤骨骼肌内的巨噬细胞胞葬

目的探究骨骼肌E_(2)信号对Cardiotoxin(CTX)诱导的小鼠急性损伤骨骼肌内巨噬细胞胞葬作用的影响。方法选择野生C57BL/6雌鼠150只、C57BL/6雄鼠33只,对一部分雌鼠进行卵巢去势(OVX)操作。CTX胫骨前肌注射诱导小鼠急性肌损伤,后给予β-雌二醇(β-Estradiol)、4-他莫昔芬(4-OHT)等试剂肌注,分为Control(Female)组、Male组、Control+β-Estradiol组、Control+4-OHT组、OVX组、OVX+β-Estradiol组。采用ELISA法比较各组小鼠损伤肌内血清中E_(2)表达。采用免疫荧光、流式细胞术等方法比较损伤肌内炎性渗出巨噬细胞数量、表型、胞葬作用与肌再生修复的差异。紫外照射法体外诱导细胞凋亡。体外分化培养C2C12细胞,分化为成熟肌管后,将之于炎性环境中与巨噬细胞、凋亡细胞共培养,且给予β-Estradiol、4-OHT等处理,主要分为Control(C2C12+HS+Mac+ACs)组、C2C12+HS+IFN-γ+Mac+ACs组、C2C12+HS+IFN-γ+β-Estradiol+Mac+ACs组、C2C12+HS+IFN-γ+4-OHT+Mac+ACs组、C2C12+HS+IFN-γ+β-Estradiol+4-OHT+Mac+ACs组。采用免疫荧光、流式细胞术等方法比较各组巨噬细胞胞葬作用的差异。结果较之于Control组,OVX鼠损伤肌内炎性单核巨噬细胞渗出增加,M1细胞比例增加(P<0.05),但M2细胞比例、胞葬作用下调(P<0.05),肌纤维再生修复延迟。体外炎性环境中,β-Estradiol共培养体系中的M2巨噬细胞数目、巨噬细胞胞葬较之于Control组均上调(P<0.05),而4-OHT组的趋势则相反(P<0.05)。结论骨骼肌纤维E_(2)信号通过促使损伤肌内M1向M2的转变,以促进损伤肌内巨噬细胞胞葬作用,继而促进炎症撤退与肌再生修复。

中国生物多样性研究的30个核心问题

在联合国《生物多样性公约》生效30年和《生物多样性》创刊30周年之际,我们通过问卷调查从281名中国研究人员收集到763个生物多样性相关的研究问题,通过归纳与整理,并参考英国生态学会提出的100个生态学基本问题,从中筛选出30个核心问题。这些问题涉及7个方面:演化与生态(6个问题)、种群(4个问题)、群落与多样性(7个问题)、生态系统与功能(3个问题)、人类影响与全球变化(4个问题)、方法与监测(4个问题)、生物多样性保护(2个问题)。前5个方面主要聚焦在物种形成、生物多样性维持等的关键过程与机制、生物多样性与生态功能关系、全球变化对生物多样性的影响机制等,第6方面主要涉及生物监测与预测、数据共享等,第7方面涉及多样性保护、自然与人类健康关系这两个与公众息息相关的重要话题。这30个问题的筛选难免存在偏颇,希望能以此为契机,促进我国生物多样性研究人员对本领域核心问题的深入思考与探讨。

生物多样性数据论文:规范化和多样化

2021年10月,联合国《生物多样性公约》第15次缔约方大会(COP15)将在我国昆明举办。会议将审议通过2020后全球生物多样性框架,确定2030年全球生物多样性保护目标。与之密切相关的联合国可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals,SDGs)、生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学‒政策平台(IPBES)和政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)评估报告等,也对当前和未来的生物多样性保护设定了短期和长期目标。这些战略目标的实现,无一不需要海量的、高质量的、可发现、可访问、可互操作和可再用的生物多样性大数据作为支撑。

Lane Detection:A Survey with New Results

Lane detection is essential for many aspects of autonomous driving,such as lane-based navigation and high-definition(HD)map modeling.Although lane detection is challenging especially with complex road conditions,considerable progress has been witnessed in this area in the past several years.In this survey,we review recent visual-based lane detection datasets and methods.For datasets,we categorize them by annotations,provide detailed descriptions for each category,and show comparisons among them.For methods,we focus on methods based on deep learning and organize them in terms of their detection targets.Moreover,we introduce a new dataset with more detailed annotations for HD map modeling,a new direction for lane detection that is applicable to autonomous driving in complex road conditions,a deep neural network LineNet for lane detection,and show its application to HD map modeling.

Phylogeny and species differentiation of Mollitrichosiphum spp. （Aphididae, Greenideinae） based on mitochondrial CO1 and Cyt b genes

Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial genes were conducted to reconstruct species relationships within the aphid genus MoUitrichosiphum （Aphididae, Greenideinae）. MP and Bayesian analysis results using COI and Cyt b datasets, and combined MP, ML and Bayesian analysis of both were consistent with a morphologically supported monophyly. Subdivision of the genus into two subgenera was strongly supported. Samples of each included species form monophyletic clade, respectively; and the result implied the valid status of related species in this genus. These results suggest some surprising hypotheses regarding the phylogeography of the genus： the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, reorganization of major fiver catchments and the isolation of Hainan Island were probably important factors contributing to the diversification of species in this genus .

Deep image synthesis from intuitive user input:A review and perspectives

In many applications of computer graphics,art,and design,it is desirable for a user to provide intuitive non-image input,such as text,sketch,stroke,graph,or layout,and have a computer system automatically generate photo-realistic images according to that input.While classically,works that allow such automatic image content generation have followed a framework of image retrieval and composition,recent advances in deep generative models such as generative adversarial networks(GANs),variational autoencoders(VAEs),and flow-based methods have enabled more powerful and versatile image generation approaches.This paper reviews recent works for image synthesis given intuitive user input,covering advances in input versatility,image generation methodology,benchmark datasets,and evaluation metrics.This motivates new perspectives on input representation and interactivity,cross fertilization between major image generation paradigms,and evaluation and comparison of generation methods.

A joint call for actions to advance taxonomy in China

Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.

Reducing human error to improve efficiency of DNA barcoding:the primer case

Since the concept of DNA barcoding was proposed in 2003(Hebert et al.,2003a,b),it has received much attention and become a routine technique in biodiversity research.DNA barcoding is especially valuable in a world with rapid decline in biodiversity as well as experienced taxonomists(Valentini et al.,2009).