A Quasi-Linear Relationship between Planetary Outgoing Longwave Radiation and Surface Temperature in a Radiative-Convective-Transportive Climate Model of a Gray Atmosphere

In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and surface temperature(T_(S)).The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature,thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature.As a result of the poleward energy transport,tropical(high-latitude)atmosphere-surface columns emit less(more)OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations,causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR.The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR,thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport.Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system,such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature.

The Processes-Based Attributes of Four Major Surface Melting Events over the Antarctic Ross Ice Shelf

The Ross-Amundsen sector is experiencing an accelerating warming trend and a more intensive advective influx of marine air streams.As a result,massive surface melting events of the ice shelf are occurring more frequently,which puts the West Antarctica Ice Sheet at greater risk of degradation.This study shows the connection between surface melting and the prominent intrusion of warm and humid air flows from lower latitudes.By applying the Climate Feedback-Response Analysis Method(CFRAM),the temporal surge of the downward longwave(LW)fluxes over the surface of the Ross Ice Shelf(RIS)and adjacent regions are identified for four historically massive RIS surface melting events.The melting events are decomposed to identify which physical mechanisms are the main contributors.We found that intrusions of warm and humid airflow from lower latitudes are conducive to warm air temperature and water vapor anomalies,as well as cloud development.These changes exert a combined impact on the abnormal enhancement of the downward LW surface radiative fluxes,significantly contributing to surface warming and the resultant massive melting of ice.

Influence of Surface Types on the Seasonality and Inter-Model Spread of Arctic Amplification in CMIP6

A robust phenomenon termed the Arctic Amplification(AA)refers to the stronger warming taking place over the Arctic compared to the global mean.The AA can be confirmed through observations and reproduced in climate model simulations and shows significant seasonality and inter-model spread.This study focuses on the influence of surface type on the seasonality of AA and its inter-model spread by dividing the Arctic region into four surface types:ice-covered,ice-retreat,ice-free,and land.The magnitude and inter-model spread of Arctic surface warming are calculated from the difference between the abrupt-4×CO_(2)and pre-industrial experiments of 17 CMIP6 models.The change of effective thermal inertia(ETI)in response to the quadrupling of CO_(2) forcing is the leading mechanism for the seasonal energy transfer mechanism,which acts to store heat temporarily in summer and then release it in winter.The ETI change is strongest over the ice-retreat region,which is also responsible for the strongest AA among the four surface types.The lack of ETI change explains the nearly uniform warming pattern across seasons over the ice-free(ocean)region.Compared to other regions,the ice-covered region shows the maximum inter-model spread in JFM,resulting from a stronger inter-model spread in the oceanic heat storage term.However,the weaker upward surface turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes tend to suppress the inter-model spread.The relatively small inter-model spread during summer is caused by the cancellation of the inter-model spread in ice-albedo feedback with that in the oceanic heat storage term.

A Novel Adaptive Kalman Filter Based on Credibility Measure

It is quite often that the theoretic model used in the Kalman filtering may not be sufficiently accurate for practical applications,due to the fact that the covariances of noises are not exactly known.Our previous work reveals that in such scenario the filter calculated mean square errors(FMSE)and the true mean square errors(TMSE)become inconsistent,while FMSE and TMSE are consistent in the Kalman filter with accurate models.This can lead to low credibility of state estimation regardless of using Kalman filters or adaptive Kalman filters.Obviously,it is important to study the inconsistency issue since it is vital to understand the quantitative influence induced by the inaccurate models.Aiming at this,the concept of credibility is adopted to discuss the inconsistency problem in this paper.In order to formulate the degree of the credibility,a trust factor is constructed based on the FMSE and the TMSE.However,the trust factor can not be directly computed since the TMSE cannot be found for practical applications.Based on the definition of trust factor,the estimation of the trust factor is successfully modified to online estimation of the TMSE.More importantly,a necessary and sufficient condition is found,which turns out to be the basis for better design of Kalman filters with high performance.Accordingly,beyond trust factor estimation with Sage-Husa technique(TFE-SHT),three novel trust factor estimation methods,which are directly numerical solving method(TFE-DNS),the particle swarm optimization method(PSO)and expectation maximization-particle swarm optimization method(EM-PSO)are proposed.The analysis and simulation results both show that the proposed TFE-DNS is better than the TFE-SHT for the case of single unknown noise covariance.Meanwhile,the proposed EMPSO performs completely better than the EM and PSO on the estimation of the credibility degree and state when both noise covariances should be estimated online.

适用于空间环境的蛋白质分析芯片检测装置研究

为实现空间环境下蛋白质检测,设计开发了一套小型化、集成化、高灵敏度的微流控芯片蛋白质检测装置,包括小型化光学检测单元、自动进样单元、自动控制单元等。该装置基于Elisa和Western blotting相结合的蛋白检测技术完成小型化光信号检测装置的研制。装置完成后对EGFR、FGFR4、HER2、IL6等四种蛋白质进行验证检测,结果显示各个样品回归分析R2值均能够达到0.98以上;对多个蛋白进行联合检测证实本装置专一性很好,不会引起非特异性反应,证实了检测装置的有效性。

Uncertainty in projections of the South Asian summer monsoon under global warming by CMIP6 models:Role of tropospheric meridional thermal contrast

本文基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划共18个模式的工业革命前实验和CO_(2)浓度突然四倍实验,发现在CO_(2)四倍强迫下,南亚夏季风环流呈显著减弱趋势,但减弱强度存在较大模式间差异.利用Webster-Yang指数和经向哈得莱环流指数的下降趋势表征SASM减弱强度,发现该下降趋势与欧亚大陆-印度洋之间对流层上层经向温度梯度的变化值(EUTT-IUTT)高度相关.进一步利用气候反馈-响应分析方法进行分析,发现EUTT-IUTT变化的模式间差异主要来自于大气动力过程,其次是云的短波辐射效应的贡献.地表潜热通量和云的长波辐射效应缩小了EUTT-IUTT变化的模式间差异.

Research on optical properties of cardiovascular tissues based on OCT data

As a high-resolution optical imaging technology,Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT)has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.It has played an important role in the detection and identification of atherosclerotic plaques and has significant advantages.In this paper,we realized to extract the optical characteristic parameters of the target sample based on the OCT data by establishing optical transmission models conforming to the OCT principle.The optical phantoms and coronary artery of domestic pig were used as research samples to study the difference between the optical properties of the cardiovascular tissues.It can provide a basic method for further study of optical characteristic parameters of atherosclerotic plaques,and also lay a foundation for realizing the quantitative evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques with multiple optical characteristic parameters in the future.

A portable illumination device for photodynamic therapy of the oral cavity

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a minimally invasive method for treating oral leukoplakia In this paper,we propose a portable PDT device consisting of a flexible circuit board with a liquid flow cooling module on the back.The light source size was 17 mm×11 mm×4 mm,and the iradiation area of the light source was up to 100mm'.The iradiance range of this device was from 10mW/cm^(2)to 100mW/cm^(2).Simulation and experimental results showed that the irradiance cofficient variation for a treatment area of 81 mm was less than 7%.At an irradiance of 100 mW/cm a device surface temperature of lower than 42℃ can be achieved to satisfy the safety requirements under the con-ditions that the temperature of cooling liquid is 10℃ and the liquid flow speed is above 12 mL/min.

Implementation and uniformity calibration of LED array for photodynamic therapy

Irradiance uniformity is an important parameter for a Photodynamic Therapy(PDT)device.The calibration and verification of a LED array light source based on computer vision technology were implemented and carried out.First,the correlation coe±cients between the pulse width modulate value and the irradiance were calibrated.Then,the correction of the actual light center and divergence angle were solved by image processing to reduce errors from each LED lens.Finally,uniformity was optimized according to the irradiance formula of the Lambertian source.The lowest coe±cients of variation of irradiance were 4.87%in a 5 cm×12 cm area and 3.55%in a 3 cm×10 cm area within the depth range of 8–12 cm when the expected irradiance was 100 mW/cm^(2).This finding indicated that the light source can achieve a more uniform illumination and provide a better therapeutic effect for the PDT of port-wine stains.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Induced Renal Hemorrhage in a Patient with Bilateral Double Renal Arteries: A Case Report and Literature Review

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimal invasive important technique for stones of the renal pelvis. However, severe hemorrhage after percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a rare but life-threatening event. Bilateral double renal arteries are kind of relatively infrequent renal vascular variation. Here, we reported a rare case of percutaneous nephrolithotomy induced renal hemorrhage in a patient with bilateral double renal arteries, and our experience of successful rescue in this patient.

Repurposing organic semiconducting nanomaterials to accelerate clinical translation of NIR-II fluorescence imaging

Optical imaging possesses important implications for early disease diagnosis,timely disease treatment,and basic medical as well as biological research.Compared with the traditionary near-infrared(NIR-I)window(650-950 nm)optical imaging,the emerging second near-infrared(NIR-II)window optical imaging technology owns the great superiorities of non-invasiveness,nonionizing radiation,and real-time dynamic imaging with the low biological interference,can significantly improve the tissue penetration depth and detection sensitivity,thus expecting to achieve accurate and precise diagnosis of major diseases.Inspired by the conspicuous superiorities,an increasing number of versatile NIR-II fluorophores have been legitimately designed and engineered for precisely deep-tissue mapping-mediated theranostics of life-threatening diseases.Organic semiconducting nanomaterials(OSNs)are derived from organic conjugated molecules withπ-electron delocalized skeletons,which show greatly preponderant prospects in the biomedicine field due to the excellent photoelectric property,tunable energy bands,and fine biocompatibility.In this review,the superiorities of NIR-II fluorescence imaging using OSNs for brilliant visualization various of diseases,including tongue cancer,ovarian cancer,osteosarcoma,bacteria or pathogens infection,kidney dysfunction,rheumatoid arthritis,liver injury,and cerebrovascular function,are emphatically summarized.Finally,the reasonable prospects and persistent efforts for repurposing OSNs to facilitate the clinical translation of NIR-II fluorescence phototheranostics are outlined.

Distributed attitude synchronization using backstepping and sliding mode control

我们与指导拓扑学为僵硬身体代理人的系统考虑态度同步的问题。为代理人的旋转矩阵的二种不同情形被考虑。在第一种情形，旋转在一个凸的子集被包含那么(3 ) ，它是半径的一个球不到 /2 而在第二种情形代理人在一个子集被包含那么(3 ) ，它是半径的一个球不到。基于 backstepping 和滑动模式控制使用一条控制法律，我们提供分布式，半全球，为代理人的转矩控制法律以便旋转 asymptotically 同步。为在第一种情形的代理人的控制法律仅仅取决于在附近的代理人之间的相对旋转，而在第二种情形的控制法律取决于在一个全球并列框架定义的旋转。在同步为两种情形被显示出的地方，解说性的例子被提供。

PARALLEL SIMULTANEOUS STABILIZATION OF A SET OF PORT-CONTROLLED HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS SUBJECT TO ACTUATOR SATURATION

这份报纸调查非线性的控制港口的 Hamiltonian (PCH ) 系统使遭到到致动器浸透的一套多输入的平行同时的稳定(PSS )( 作为) ，并且为 PCH 系统在 PSS 控制器的设计上建议很多结果与作为。第一，二个 PCH 系统与的案例是被学习。探索浸透非线性的特殊性质和消散的 Hamiltonian 系统的结构的性质，二个系统被联合产生一个扩充 PCH 系统，控制上的一些结果与设计然后被获得。当在二个系统有外部骚乱时，一个柔韧的 PSS 控制器为系统被设计。第二，超过二个 PCH 系统与的案例是被调查，并且几新结果为 PSS 问题被建议。最后，二个解说性的例子被举证明在这获得的稳定控制器糊工作很好。

Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia

As the resident immune cells in the central nervous system,microglia have long been hypothesised to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate neurotoxicity.However,this traditional view has undergone recent revision as evidence has accumulated that microglia exert beneficial and detrimental effects depending on activation status,polarisation phenotype and cellular context.A variety of neurotransmitter receptors are expressed on microglia and help mediate the bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia.Here we review data supporting the importance of neurotransmitter receptors on microglia,with a special emphasis on glutamate,γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),norepinephrine,cannabinoid and acetylcholine receptors.We summarise evidence favouring a significant role for neurotransmitter receptors in modulating microglial activation,phagocytic clearance and phenotypic polarisation.Elucidating the effects of neurotransmitter receptors on microglia and dissecting the underlying mechanisms may help accelerate the discovery of novel drugs that tap the therapeutic potential of microglia.

Air temperature feedback and its contribution to global warming

Air temperature feedback results from the thermal-radiative coupling between the atmosphere and the surface and plays an important role in surface energy balance. This paper reveals the contribution of air temperature feedback to the global warming from 1980 to 2000. The air temperature feedback kernel, evaluated using the ERA-Interim reanalysis data, is used to discuss the physical mechanism for air temperature feedback, the dependency of the strength of air temperature feedback on the climatological spatial distributions of air temperature, water vapor and cloud content, and the contributions of air temperature feedback to rapid global warming. The coupling between temperature feedback and each of the external forcings and individual feedback processes will amplify the anomaly of direct energy flux convergence at the surface induced by the external forcings and individual processes. The air temperature feedback amplifies the initial surface warming due to the increase in CO2 concentration, ice and snow melting, increase in water vapor, and change in ocean heat storage. It also amplifies the surface warming due to the longwave radiaitve forcing associated with the increase in cloud cover, which acts to suppress the cooling of the shortwave effect of cloud forcing. Overall, temperature feedback plays an important role in the global warming from 1980 to2000, as the net positive contribution to the perturbation of global mean energy flux at the surface from the air temperature feedback is larger than the net negative contribution from external forcing and all non-temperature feedbacks.

De novo strategy with engineering a multifunctional bacterial cellulose-based dressing for rapid healing of infected wounds

The treatment and healing of infected skin lesions is one of the major challenges in surgery.To solve this problem,collagen I(Col-I)and the antibacterial agent hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan(HACC)were composited into the bacterial cellulose(BC)three-dimensional network structure by a novel membrane-liquid interface(MLI)culture,and a Col-I/HACC/BC(CHBC)multifunctional dressing was designed.The water absorption rate and water vapor transmission rate of the obtained CHBC dressing were 35.78±2.45 g/g and 3084±56 g m^(-2)⋅day^(-1),respectively.The water retention of the CHBC dressing was significantly improved compared with the BC caused by the introduced Col-I and HACC.In vitro results indicated that the combined advantages of HACC and Col-I confer on CHBC dressings not only have outstanding antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)compared with BC and CBC,but also exhibit better cytocompatibility than BC and HBC to promote the proliferation and spread of NIH3T3 cells and HUVECs.Most importantly,the results of in vivo animal tests demonstrated that the CHBC dressings fully promoted wound healing for 8 days and exhibited shorter healing times,especially in the case of wound infection.Excellent skin regeneration effects and higher expression levels of collagen during infection were also shown in the CHBC group.We believe that CHBC composites with favorable multifunctionality have potential applications as wound dressings to treat infected wounds.

Discrete-time inverse linear quadratic optimal control over fnite time-horizon under noisy output measurements

In this paper,the problem of inverse quadratic optimal control over fnite time-horizon for discrete-time linear systems is considered.Our goal is to recover the corresponding quadratic objective function using noisy observations.First,the identifability of the model structure for the inverse optimal control problem is analyzed under relative degree assumption and we show the model structure is strictly globally identifable.Next,we study the inverse optimal control problem whose initial state distribution and the observation noise distribution are unknown,yet the exact observations on the initial states are available.We formulate the problem as a risk minimization problem and approximate the problem using empirical average.It is further shown that the solution to the approximated problem is statistically consistent under the assumption of relative degrees.We then study the case where the exact observations on the initial states are not available,yet the observation noises are known to be white Gaussian distributed and the distribution of the initial state is also Gaussian(with unknown mean and covariance).EM-algorithm is used to estimate the parameters in the objective function.The efectiveness of our results are demonstrated by numerical examples.

Distributed adaptive Kalman filter based on variational Bayesian technique

In this paper, distributed Kalman filter design is studied for linear dynamics with unknown measurement noise variance, which modeled by Wishart distribution. To solve the problem in a multi-agent network, a distributed adaptive Kalman filter is proposed with the help of variational Bayesian, where the posterior distribution of joint state and noise variance is approximated by a free-form distribution. The con vergence of the proposed algorithm is proved in two main steps: n oise statistics is estimated, where each age nt only use its local information in variational Bayesian expectation (VB-E) step, and state is estimated by a consensus algorithm in variational Bayesian maximum (VB-M) step. Finally, a distributed target tracking problem is investigated with simulations for illustration.

Matrix attachment regions included in a bicistronic vector enhances and stabilizes follistatin gene expressions in both transgenic cells and transgenic mice

In the present study, follistatin(FST) gene expression vectors with either a bicistronic gene transfer cassette alone, or a bicistron gene cassette carrying a matrix attachment region(MAR) were constructed and transfected to bovine fetal fibroblasts. Evaluations of both the integration and expression of exogenous FST indicated that the p MAR-CAG-FST-IRES-Ac GFP1-poly A-MAR(pMAR-FST) vector had higher capacity to form monoclonal transgenic cells than the vector without MAR,though transient transfection and integration efficiency were similar with either construct. Remarkably, protein expression in transgenic cells with the p MAR-FST vector was significantly higher than that from the bicistronic vector. Exogenous FST was expressed in all of the p MARFST transgenic mice at F_0, F_1 and F_2. Total muscle growth in F_0 mice was significantly greater than in wild-type mice,with larger muscles in fore and hind limbs of transgenic mice. p MAR-FST transgenic mice were also found with more evenly distributed muscle bundles and thinner spaces between sarcolemma, which suggests a correlation between transgene expression-associated muscle development and the trend of muscle growth. In conclusion, a p MAR-FST vector, which excluded the resistant genes and frame structure, enhances and stabilizes FST gene expressions in both transfected cells and transgenic mice.

控制科学近30年的发展 献给Chris Byrne和Anders Lindquist

控制科学是20世纪最重要的科学理论和成就之一，它各阶段的理论发展与技术进步都与生产和社会实践的需求密切相关。本书是由瑞典皇家理工学院与美国德克萨斯理工大学联合编著的纪念论文集，用以纪念Christopher Byrnes教授的60岁生日与Anders Lindquist教授在瑞典皇家理工学院优化与系统理论系主任的职位上退休，并以此表彰两位教授在应用数学的各个领域中的突出贡献。